The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak.

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

Albert Schweitzer, OM ( 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965 ) was a German and then French theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary.

** This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037 ) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science.

* 1914 – Gerd Buchdahl, German philosopher ( d. 2001 )

Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon.

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

In his Critique of Pure Reason, German philosopher Immanuel Kant stated that no successful argument for God's existence arises from reason alone.

* 1802 – Franz Aepinus, German philosopher ( b. 1724 )

* 1985 – Carl Schmitt, German philosopher and theorist ( b. 1888 )

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

He entered the Kriegsakademie ( also cited as " The German War School ," the " Military Academy in Berlin ," and the " Prussian Military Academy ") in Berlin in 1801 ( age 21 ), studied the writings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief of staff of the new Prussian Army ( appointed 1809 ).

The German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz made a similar argument with his principle of sufficient reason in 1714.

The name affinitas was first used in the sense of chemical relation by German philosopher Albertus Magnus near the year 1250.

With the work of the latter philosopher, critical theory transcended its theoretic roots in German idealism, and progressed closer to American pragmatism.

It wasn ’ t until the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory.

Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theorist about theatre.

* 1694 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer ( d. 1768 )

also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.

* 1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1973 )

* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher ( d. 1665 )

* 1660 – Johann Kuhnau, German composer, organist and harpsichordist ( d. 1722 )

* 1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer ( d. 1694 )

As a music scholar and organist, he studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the Organ reform movement ( Orgelbewegung ).

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany | German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.

* 1761 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar ( b. 1691 )

* 1697 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, German composer and organist ( d. 1778 )

Alcott also wrote a series patterned after the work of German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe which were eventually published in the Transcendentalists ' journal, The Dial.

* 1736 – Johann Christoph Kellner, German organist and composer ( d. 1803 )

* 1647 – Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer ( d. 1719 )

* 1744 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer ( d. 1803 )

* 1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet ( d. 1803 )

* 1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and scientist ( d. 1832 )

* 1683 – Johann David Heinichen, German composer and theorist ( d. 1729 )

* 1637 – Johann Gerhard, German church leader and theologian ( b. 1582 )

* 1719 – Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German mineralogist and geologist ( d. 1767 )

* 1825 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( b. 1765 )

* 1666 – Johann Heinrich Buttstett, German organist and composer ( d. 1727 )

Anthony ( Dresden, 27 December 1755 – Dresden, 6 June 1836 ), also known by his German name Anton ( full name: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar ), was a King of Saxony ( 1827 – 1836 ) from the House of Wettin.

Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be alloyed with copper to make brass ; a process known as speltering and by 1657 the German chemist Johann Glauber had recognised that calamine was " nothing else but unmeltable zinc " and that zinc was a " half ripe metal.

* Johann Sebastian Bach, the German composer

Most of the brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas Uranometria ( named after Urania, the Greek Muse of Astronomy, along with Uranus, the Greek god of the sky and heavens ).

Scholars of ballads are often divided into two camps, the ‘ communalists ’ who, following the line established by the German scholar Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744 – 1803 ) and the Brothers Grimm, argue that ballads arose by a combined communal effort and did not have a single author, and ‘ individualists ’, following the thinking of English collector Cecil Sharp, who assert that there was a single original author.

" The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: " With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly.