Given MIT's prominence, allegations of research misconduct or improprieties have received substantial press coverage.

Given the presence of the KULeuven, an important European institution for academic research and education, much of the local economy is concentrated on spin-offs from academic research.

At that point, two wealthy Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania businessmen, Hay Walker, Jr., and Thomas H. Given, financed the formation of National Electric Signaling Company ( NESCO ) to carry on Fessenden's research.

Given the consistent failures in this research literature to disprove the null hypothesis, the burden of empirical proof is on those who argue that the children of sexual minority parents are worse off than the children of heterosexual parents.

Given the fact that Puerto Rico has 78 municipalities, there was enough material to show and research over the program's six-year run.

Given this reality, scholars are continually challenged to research and understand how online communities are comprised, how they function, and how they are connected to offline social life.

Given the seriousness that drug resistant pathogens have now become, there is increasing research into PDT as a new antimicrobial therapy.

Given that the outputs of much of the work that is undertaken in advance of development work is not published in peer reviewed journals, the people that perform the actual research are often anonymous and unrecognized.

Given the New York Central's axle load limits, the Pacific type could not be made any larger ; a new locomotive type would be required to carry the larger boiler that Kiefer's research indicated was needed.

Given other research on beliefs in a just world, it would be expected that observers would derogate and blame victims of bullying.

Given that breast cancer is a large killer of women and a very high percentage of young women use underarm deodorants, I think we should be carrying out properly funded, further investigations into parabens and where they are found in the body ," says Philip Harvey, an editor of the Journal of Applied Toxicology, which published the research.

Given the fairly unsophisticated stock research of the era, the company appeared to be growing without bound, and its share prices rose.

" Given the complete lack of citations to this research in GeoRef, JSTOR, Web of Knowledge, and other scientific bibliographic databases, neither the data collected from nor the interpretations and conclusions made as a result of this expedition very likely have been publicly reported in a scientific venue where their credibility can be openly evaluated.

In January 2010, William and Julie Clark asked a judge to order the University of Washington to release records from the 2007 effects of television viewing study, citing, “ Given that other research studies have not shown the same outcomes, we would like the raw data and analytical methods from the Washington studies so we can audit their methodology, and perhaps duplicate the studies, to see if the outcomes are the same.

Given the uncertain effects of low-level and very-low-level radiation, there is a pressing need for quality research in this area.

Given this, the Toenepi Stream-a small sub-catchment of the Piako River-has been extensively used to research the impact of intensive farming on water quality.

Given the time taken to fully research answers, researchers are typically known to earn under the national average wage.

Given the choice between funding technological research at the oldest university in the nation or an independent and adolescent institution, potential benefactors were indifferent or even hostile to funding MIT's competing mission.

Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist.

Given that it seems to require extraordinary visuo-spatial abilities and memory, this form of chess has led to considerable research in psychology, starting with the research of Alfred Binet in 1893, continuing with the work of chess grandmaster and psycho-analyst Reuben Fine in 1965, and culminating in the last two decades with several scientific articles describing experiments on the psychology of blindfold chess.

Given the widely recognized importance of proteins as cellular catalysts and recognition elements, the ability to precisely control the composition and connectivity of polypeptides is a valued tool in the chemical biology community and is an area of active research.

Given that Classical scholarship was more widespread among the potential audience for his paintings during his lifetime than in the present day, meticulous research of detail was important in order to attain a standing as an artist in this genre.

Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do ; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon.

Given that other philosophers claim that scientific accounts of our mental lives, particularly in the cognitive sciences, need this idea, this claim of McDowell's has provoked a great deal of discussion.

Given that folk psychology represents causal knowledge associated with the mind ’ s categorization processes, it follows that folk psychology is actively employed in aiding the explanation of everyday actions.

Given some encrypted data (" ciphertext "), the goal of the cryptanalyst is to gain as much information as possible about the original, unencrypted data (" plaintext ").

Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.

Given a set of integers, does some nonempty subset of them sum to 0?

Given is each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery.

Given the magnitude of the disaster, reconstruction and economic recovery will remain the primary focus of the Salvadoran Government for some time to come.

Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions.

Given good circumstances one might be able to discern the result of some human activity such as the changing of the Netherlands ' coast or the partial drying out of the Aral Sea, but even that would not be easy.

Given that the coiled texture is the natural state of some African Americans ' hair, or perceived as being more " African ", this simple style is now often seen as a sign of self-acceptance and an affirmation that the beauty norms of the ( eurocentric ) dominant culture are not absolute.

Given the state at some initial time ( t = 0 ), we can solve it to obtain the state at any subsequent time.

Given steady funding throughout, the R-7 developed with some speed.

Given the widespread expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert ICD-9 data sets directly into ICD-10 data sets, although some tools are available to help guide users.

He also made some good long-term signings like Gary Speed and Shay Given.

Given the same set of verifiable facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do based on societal or individual norms, and one cannot adjudicate these using some independent standard of evaluation.

Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy.

Given a specific task to solve, and a class of functions, learning means using a set of observations to find which solves the task in some optimal sense.

Given a base for the topology, in order to prove convergence of a net it is necessary and sufficient to prove that there exists some point x, such that ( x < sub > α </ sub >) is eventually in all members of the base containing this putative limit.

Given this and other evidence, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero, although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.

Given that the validity of conclusions drawn from a statistical analysis depend on the validity of any assumptions made, it is clearly important that these assumptions should be reviewed at some stage.

Given its stability, similarity and relative proximity to the Sun, Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ), and it appears in some science fiction literature.

noted, " Given that the bandwidth for conducting crawls is neither infinite nor free, it is becoming essential to crawl the Web in not only a scalable, but efficient way, if some reasonable measure of quality or freshness is to be maintained.

Given a model of some atomic positions, these positions and their respective Debye-Waller factors ( or B-factors, accounting for the thermal motion of the atom ) can be refined to fit the observed diffraction data, ideally yielding a better set of phases.

Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that were occurring between social classes ( or clans ) within Norse society at the time.

Given the lack of evidence of many Freudian hypotheses, some scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones.

* Given an infinite string where each character is chosen uniformly at random, any given finite string almost surely occurs as a substring at some position.