Given some encrypted data (" ciphertext "), the goal of the cryptanalyst is to gain as much information as possible about the original, unencrypted data (" plaintext ").

Given that many journeys are for relatively short distances, there is considerable scope to replace car use with walking or cycling, though in many settings this may require some infrastructure modification, particularly to attract the less experienced and confident.

Given a set of integers, does some nonempty subset of them sum to 0?

Given is each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and some notes related to the discovery.

Given the magnitude of the disaster, reconstruction and economic recovery will remain the primary focus of the Salvadoran Government for some time to come.

Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions.

Given good circumstances one might be able to discern the result of some human activity such as the changing of the Netherlands ' coast or the partial drying out of the Aral Sea, but even that would not be easy.

Given that the coiled texture is the natural state of some African Americans ' hair, or perceived as being more " African ", this simple style is now often seen as a sign of self-acceptance and an affirmation that the beauty norms of the ( eurocentric ) dominant culture are not absolute.

Given the state at some initial time ( t = 0 ), we can solve it to obtain the state at any subsequent time.

Given steady funding throughout, the R-7 developed with some speed.

Given the widespread expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert ICD-9 data sets directly into ICD-10 data sets, although some tools are available to help guide users.

He also made some good long-term signings like Gary Speed and Shay Given.

Given the same set of verifiable facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do based on societal or individual norms, and one cannot adjudicate these using some independent standard of evaluation.

Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy.

Given a specific task to solve, and a class of functions, learning means using a set of observations to find which solves the task in some optimal sense.

Given a base for the topology, in order to prove convergence of a net it is necessary and sufficient to prove that there exists some point x, such that ( x < sub > α </ sub >) is eventually in all members of the base containing this putative limit.

Given this and other evidence, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero, although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.

Given that the validity of conclusions drawn from a statistical analysis depend on the validity of any assumptions made, it is clearly important that these assumptions should be reviewed at some stage.

Given its stability, similarity and relative proximity to the Sun, Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ), and it appears in some science fiction literature.

noted, " Given that the bandwidth for conducting crawls is neither infinite nor free, it is becoming essential to crawl the Web in not only a scalable, but efficient way, if some reasonable measure of quality or freshness is to be maintained.

Given a model of some atomic positions, these positions and their respective Debye-Waller factors ( or B-factors, accounting for the thermal motion of the atom ) can be refined to fit the observed diffraction data, ideally yielding a better set of phases.

Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that were occurring between social classes ( or clans ) within Norse society at the time.

Given the lack of evidence of many Freudian hypotheses, some scientific researchers proposed the existence of unconscious mechanisms that are very different from the Freudian ones.

* Given an infinite string where each character is chosen uniformly at random, any given finite string almost surely occurs as a substring at some position.

Given that Bozizé accuses Sudan of supporting the UFDR rebels who are actively fighting the Central African Government, the relation between the two countries has remained good.

Given the closeness shared by the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin, and very topical interest to the consolidation of the European Union's enlargement policy, he also intended to establish trade relations with the Republic of Malta aimed at encouraging mutual knowledge and awareness in a profitable way their local communities on European issues of common interest and current.

Given the creation of the Moscow IFF and the political decision to organize only one " A " festival for all socialist countries, Karlovy Vary was forced to alternate with Moscow between 1959 and 1993.

Given the ensuing decline in world commodity prices, countries heavily dependent on the export of raw materials such as oil were among those most severely hit.

Given this high percentage, it seeks to diversify and expand trade opportunities with non-EU countries.

Given the supposed closeness of war, the FI thought that the Communist Parties and social democratic parties would be the only significant force that could defend the workers of the world against the imperialist camp in those countries where there were mass forces.

Given the epidemic proportions of obesity in the Western world, and the fact that it is increasing rapidly in some poorer countries, observers expect developments in this area to snowball in the near future.

* Given the town's association with magical realism, many Latin Americans would portray the everyday illogical or absurd news and situations they or their respective countries face as more aptly belonging to Macondo.

Given the Russian historical experiences of frequent invasions and the immense death toll ( estimated at 27 million ) and the destruction the Soviet Union sustained during World War II, the Soviet Union sought to increase security by dominating the internal affairs of countries that bordered it.

Given that NASA and USAF ( as well as government programs in other countries ) are the primary customers and sources of development capital, government regulatory requirements for oversight, parwork, quality, safety, and other documentation tend to inflate the operational costs of any such system.

Given their isolation from the rest of the world and the dominance of intrabloc trade in their external relations, interest in these countries inevitably centered on new forms of regional cooperation.

Given the close economic links between the two countries, the collapse quickly affected Canada.

" As well, he also stated: " Given its extensive geographical coverage and the recent move to integrate it with other means of transportation, the Asian Highway project requires collective effort and close collaboration among the Asian countries.

Given that this slang spans not only generations but also a spectrum of communications technologies ( spark-gap transmitters, shortwave, radio telephone, Citizen's Band ( CB ) radio, cellular among others ) and organizations ( hobbyist, commercial, many military branches in different countries ), there are many interpretations in popular misuse.

Given limited education budgets, the opposing demand for increased investment in education against widespread scarcity of resources puts intolerable pressure on many countries ’ educational systems.

Given the fact that Arabs founded very few cities in the regions they conquered, a large portion of cities in Arab countries have non-Arab etymologies.

Given the overall low level of water tariffs in developing countries even at higher levels of consumption, most consumption subsidies benefit the wealthier segments of society.

Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 % in the U. K., and 19 % in China.

Given that other Latin American countries and also Portugal were becoming easy prey to European ( mainly British ) greed, maintaining the monarchy with a monarch of European origin acted as a deterrent and allowed Brazil to ensure the predominance of its international interests.

Given the series of medical data breaches and the lack of public trust, some countries have enacted laws requiring safeguards to be put in place to protect the security and confidentiality of medical information as it is shared electronically and to give patients some important rights to monitor their medical records and receive notification for loss and unauthorized acquisition of health information.

Given that UK specialist training takes 3 to 4 years longer than in other developed countries, it is evident that UK registrars continue to perform general medical duties in addition to their sub-specialty training.

Given the sequence of events shaped by Chvalkovský, many countries, such as France ( a signatory of Munich Agreement ), initially considered the fall of Czechoslovakia a result of internal forces rather than German aggression.

Given that this came days after a series of attacks on U. S. embassies in the Middle East, in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims, the French government decided to increase security at certain French embassies, as well as to close the French embassies, consulates, cultural centers, and international schools in about 20 Muslim countries.

Given the headlamp specifications in use in those countries, such an implementation would produce approximately 450 cd axially.