" Hayek's Political and Legal Philosophy: An Introduction " SydLawRw 3 ; 11 ( 1 ) Sydney Law Review 44

Economist Jeffery Hummel is critical of Hayek's explanation of labor asymmetry in booms and busts.

Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.

Hayek's argumentation is not only regarding computational complexity for the central planners, however.

Hayek's account of how changing prices communicate information which enables individuals to coordinate their plans is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics.

Hayek's grandfathers were prominent academics working in the fields of statistics and biology.

Hayek's father turned his work on regional botany into a highly esteemed botanical treatise, continuing the family's scholarly traditions.

Much of Hayek's combat experience was spent as a spotter in an aeroplane.

Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading Ludwig von Mises ' book Socialism.

It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending Ludwig von Mises ' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar.

Through analysis of this and other of Hayek's works, Block purports, " in making the case against socialism, Hayek was led into making all sort of compromises with what otherwise appeared to be his own philosophical perspective – so much so, that if a system was erected on the basis of them, it would not differ too sharply from what this author explicitly opposed.

Hayek's first class at Chicago was a faculty seminar on the philosophy of science attended by many of the University's most notable scientists of the time, including Enrico Fermi, Sewall Wright and Leó Szilárd.

Hayek's economic notes from this period have yet to be published.

It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty.

Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle.

Hayek's analysis was based on Böhm-Bawerk's concept of the " average period of production " and on the effects that monetary policy could have upon it.

According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially " fascinated the academic world " and appeared to offer a less " facile and superficial " understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.

In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible.

" Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.

Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of most all other economists.

Hayek's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning, trade cycle theory, the division of knowledge, and entrepreneurial adaptation especially, differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic " Marshallian " economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic " Walrasian " economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner.

Hayek's expansion of the " Hebbian synapse " construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Edelman, and Fuster.

Alain de Benoist of the Nouvelle Droite ( New Right ) produced a highly critical essay on Hayek's work in an issue of Telos, citing the flawed assumptions behind Hayek's idea of " spontaneous order " and the authoritarian, totalizing implications of his free-market ideology.

Keynes asked his friend Piero Sraffa to respond publicly to Hayek's challenge ; instead of formulating an alternative theory, Sraffa elaborated on the logical inconsistencies of Hayek's argument, especially concerning the effect of inflation-induced " forced savings " on the capital sector and about the definition of a " natural " interest rate in a growing economy.

Army of Mississippi in Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler.

" In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler.

Feudal Society: Vol 1: The Growth and Ties of Dependence ( 1989 ); Feudal Society: Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search

* Goldstein, Kalman, " Al Capp and Walt Kelly: Pioneers of Political and Social Satire in the Comics " from Journal of Popular Culture ; Vol.

It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education ( CSPE ).

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.

My Autobiography: With " The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism ".

The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History ( ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006 )

Japan's Name Culture: The Significance of Names in a Religious, Political and Social Context.

" Hayek and social justice: a critique ", Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 12 ( 4 ): 581 – 604.

The rights espoused in the UN charter would be codified and defined in the International Bill of Human Rights, composing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Many other French philosophes ( intellectuals ) exerted philosophical influence on a continental scale, including Voltaire, Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose essay The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right was a catalyst for governmental and societal reform throughout Europe.

Feudal Society: Vol 1: The Growth and Ties of Dependence ( 1989 ); Feudal Society: Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search

The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History ( ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006 )

The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History ( ABC-CLIO: 3 vol 2006 )

* Paul Bew, Peter Gibbon, Henry Patterson, Northern Ireland 1921-2001 ; Political Forces and Social Classes ( Serif, 2002 ) ISBN 978-1-897959-38-1 http :// www. serifbooks. co. uk / books / history /

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are sometimes referred to as the international bill of rights.

In 1762, Rousseau published Du Contrat Social, Principes du droit politique ( in English, literally Of the Social Contract, Principles of Political Right ) in April.

* The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right ( Du contrat social ), 1762

* ' The Social Contract ' and Other Later Political Writings, trans.

* The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right English translation

Rousseau: An Introduction to his Psychological, Social, and Political Theory.

On the Social Contract, with the Geneva Manuscript and Political Economy by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, translated by Judith R Masters.