In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the “ custom of nations ” demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain.

Furthermore, Spencer argued that individuals with superior resources who deliberately used investment schemes to put competitor out of business were committing acts of “ commercial murder ”.

Modern opponents of instruments do not make the same assessment of instruments as these writers, who argued that God had allowed David the “ evil ” of using musical instruments in praise.

Bob Jones, Sr. argued that if members of Graham ’ s campaign executive committee had rejected major tenets of orthodox Christianity, such as the virgin birth and the deity of Christ, then Graham had violated 2 John 9-11, which prohibits receiving in fellowship those who do “ not abide in the teaching of Christ .” In the 1960s, Graham further irritated fundamentalists by gaining the endorsement of Cardinal Richard Cushing for his Boston campaign and accepting honorary degrees from two Roman Catholic colleges.

Mises argued that speculation in financial markets tends towards efficiency because of a “ trial and error ” process.

Michael Wreen argued that “ the principal thing that distinguishes euthanasia from intentional killing simpliciter is the agent's motive: it must be a good motive insofar as the good of the person killed is concerned ”, a view mirrored by Heather Draper, who also spoke to the importance of motive, arguing that " the motive forms a crucial part of arguments for euthanasia, because it must be in the best interests of the person on the receiving end.

In 1874, Dr. Henry Maudsley ’ s article on Sex and Mind in Education, which argued that education for women caused over-exertion and thus, reduced their reproductive capacity, sometimes causing “ nervous and even mental disorders ”.

The fragments given as the Commentary on Luke in the PG have been claimed to derive from the missing tenth book of the General Elementary Introduction ( see D. S. Wallace-Hadrill ); however, Aaron Johnson has argued that they cannot be associated with this work ( see “ The Tenth Book of Eusebius ’ General Elementary Introduction: A Critique of the Wallace-Hadrill Thesis ,” Journal of Theological Studies, 62. 1 ( 2011 ): 144-160 ).

In a March 2000 issue of Natural History, Stephen Jay Gould argued that Haeckel “ exaggerated the similarities by idealizations and omissions .” As well, Gould argued that Haeckel ’ s drawings are simply inaccurate and falsified.

Gay and lesbian rights advocates argued that one ’ s sexual orientation does not reflect on one ’ s gender ; that is, “ you can be a man and desire a man ... without any implications for your gender identity as a man ,” and the same is true if you are a woman.

As for the contradiction between German rearmament and his message of peace, Ribbentrop argued to whoever would listen that the German people had been “ humiliated ” by the Versailles treaty, that Germany wanted peace above all, and German violations of Versailles were part of an effort to restore Germany's " self-respect " By the 1930s, much of British opinion had been convinced that the treaty was monstrously unfair and unjust to Germany, so as a result, many in Britain like Thomas Jones were very open to Ribbentrop ’ s message that if only Versailles could be done away with, then European peace would be secured.

He argued that even if earning “ results from something other than a craft, the value of the resulting profit and acquired ( capital ) must ( also ) include the value of the labor by which it was obtained.

In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies ( Britain representing “ the most reactionary force in the world ”) and argued: “ The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English-French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union.

Similarly, Polly Toynbee argued that “ the phrase is an empty right-wing smear designed only to elevate its user ”.

Maulana Karenga argued that racism constituted the destruction of culture, language, religion and human possibility, and that the effects of racism were “ the morally monstrous destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human relations among peoples .”

His two main objections, which he had termed the “ fat fingers problem " and the " sticky fingers problem ”, argued against the feasibility of molecular assemblers being able to precisely select and place individual atoms.

Dr. Bruce Hoffman has argued that failing to differentiate between state and non-state violence ignores the fact that there is a “ fundamental qualitative difference between the two types of violence .” Hoffman argues that even in war there are rules and accepted norms of behavior that prohibit certain types of weapons and tactics and outlaw attacks on specific categories of targets.

He also argued that if the “ average happiness enjoyed remains undiminished, Utilitarianism directs us to make the number enjoying it as great as possible .” This was also the view taken earlier by William Paley.

Consequently, “ the decay of population is the greatest evil that a state can suffer ; and the improvement of it the object which ought, in all countries, to be aimed at in preference to every other political purpose whatsoever .” More recently a similar view has been expressed by Smart who argued that all other things being equal a universe with two million happy people is better than a universe with only one million happy people.

He argued that the focus on compensation results only in “ frustrating the legitimate members of the public who want to make use of it ( a completed invention ) in a free market .” Further, the compelling need to encourage creation is proportionally diminished once a work is already created.

World Pensions Council ( WPC ) Financial economists have argued that durably low interest rates in most G20 countries will have an adverse impact on the underfunding condition of pension funds as “ without returns that outstrip inflation, pension investors face the real value of their savings declining rather than ratcheting up over the next few years ”

The New York Times reported that “ Gary Becker and Julio Jorge Elias argued in a recent paper that ' monetary incentives would increase the supply of organs for transplant sufficiently to eliminate the very large queues in organ markets, and the suffering and deaths of many of those waiting, without increasing the total cost of transplant surgery by more than 12 percent.

However, a subsequent essay by Zechariah Chafee titled “ Freedom of Speech in War Time ” argued despite context that Holmes had intended to substitute clear and present danger for the bad-tendency standard a more protective standard of free speech.

Even so, Gannett judiciously argued, the Association could legitimately decide that Parker `` should not be encouraged nor assisted in diffusing his opinions by those who differ from him in regard to their correctness ''.

He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the natural sciences, were not possible.

By so strongly validating one role, that of the male citizen, it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it.

Despite this, Lewis argued, those who accept evolutionary naturalism still act as if objective moral truths exist, lead Lewis to reject it as impractical.

However, it has been strongly argued that this was a point made out of mis-translation, as pointed out by Amin Malouf, and that the origin of the term in Middle Eastern culture comes from phrase Asasiyun, meaning those who follow the Asas ; believers in the foundation of faith.

Jane Jacobs described it as a natural consequence of collusion between those managing power and trade, while Noam Chomsky has argued that the word " crony " is superfluous when describing capitalism.

More recently, Peter Singer has argued that it is unreasonable that we do not give equal consideration to the interests of animals as to those of human beings when we choose the way we are to treat them.

The exception being those areas where, up to the 19th century, civil law rather than common law was the governing tradition, including admiralty law, probate and ecclesiastical law, such cases were heard in the Doctor's Commons, and argued by advocates who held degrees either of doctor of civil law at Oxford or doctor of law at Cambridge.

Many-worlds is often referred to as a theory, rather than just an interpretation, by those who propose that many-worlds can make testable predictions ( such as David Deutsch ) or is falsifiable ( such as Everett ) or by those who propose that all the other, non-MW interpretations, are inconsistent, illogical or unscientific in their handling of measurements ; Hugh Everett argued that his formulation was a metatheory, since it made statements about other interpretations of quantum theory ; that it was the " only completely coherent approach to explaining both the contents of quantum mechanics and the appearance of the world.

Thus, it has been argued that a voucher system would lead students who do not belong to a preferred religious or ethnic group, or those with disabilities, to become concentrated within the public school system.

On the other hand, one of those who criticized Haeckel's drawings, Michael Richardson, has argued that " Haeckel's much-criticized drawings are important as phylogenetic hypotheses, teaching aids, and evidence for evolution ".

Savonarola argued for art serving as a direct visual illustration of the Bible to educate those unable to read the book.

The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights.

Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism ( even those theoretically based on voluntary cooperation ) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind.

On the other hand, Fichte himself acknowledged the difficulty of his writings, but argued that his works were clear and transparent to those who made the effort to think without preconceptions and prejudices.

However, others within LGBT movements have criticised identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the queer movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to deconstruct those categories, which are seen to " reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the nonheterosexual as inferior.

Finkelstein examines the implications of applying this standard to another member of the " Holocaust Industry ", Daniel Goldhagen, who argued that Serbian actions in Kosovo " are, in their essence, different from those of Nazi Germany only in scale ".

Japanese immigration authorities work in unison with police to investigate those reported, and human rights groups such as Amnesty International have argued that those reported do not receive proper legal protection.

Rushton and Nicholson ( 1988 ) argued that spouses are more similar on those cognitive tests that are more genetically influenced.

In the 1880s, there was a debate between those, such as Georges Clemenceau ( Radical ), Jean Jaurès ( Socialist ) and Maurice Barrès ( nationalist ), who argued that colonialism diverted France from the " blue line of the Vosges " ( referring to Alsace-Lorraine ), and the " colonial lobby ", such as Jules Ferry ( moderate republican ), Léon Gambetta ( republican ) and Eugène Etienne, the president of the parliamentary colonial group.

It can be argued that what is referred to as the ' mining industry ' is actually two sectors, one specializing in exploration for new resources, the other specializing in mining those resources.

These categories, he argued, are " of the highest order of abstraction ", but he defended them as those necessary to " make possible a coherent account of what grammar is and of its place in language " In articulating the category unit, Halliday proposed the notion of a rank scale.