Kant argued that humans are obliged to bring about the summum bonum: the two central aims of moral virtue and happiness, where happiness arises out of virtue.

One example being that humans are argued to find beautiful and prefer landscapes which were good habitats in the ancestral environment.

Moreover they argued that some species have been created for the purpose of being sacrificed and eaten by humans, that it is normal for animals to kill and eat other animals, that agriculture, too, inevitably leads to the death of many animals, that plants are living beings as well and must still be destroyed, that we unintentionally and unknowingly destroy life forms all the time, and that a hunted animal has a fair chance to survive by killing the hunter.

" A prominent figure in the sceptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience.

Ayn Rand argued that there is a positive harmony of interests among free, rational humans, such that no moral agent can rationally coerce another person consistently with his own long-term self-interest.

For instance, Tecumseh Fitch has argued that the descended larynx is not unique to humans.

Huxley argued for human evolution from apes by illustrating many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes, and did so particularly in his 1863 book Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature.

Galen argued that monkey anatomy was close enough to humans for physicians to learn anatomy with monkey dissections and then make observations of similar structures in the wounds of their patients, rather than trying to learn anatomy only from wounds in human patients, as would be done by students trained by the Empiricist medical sect would.

In Spain in 1542 Bartolomé de Las Casas argued against Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in the famous Valladolid debate, Sepúlveda mainted an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth, while Las Casas argued in favor of equal rights to freedom of slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion.

This is argued by anthropologists to be also based on early humans noting the human and animal shared body feature of two arms and two legs as well as its ease in simple arithmetic and counting.

Neither humans nor chimpanzees have hairy breasts as does the figure in the film, and critics have argued these features are evidence against authenticity.

Petrarch argued instead that God had given humans their vast intellectual and creative potential to be used to their fullest.

René Descartes for example argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do.

The Biogenetic Structuralism group for instance argued that some kind of structural foundation for culture must exist because all humans inherit the same system of brain structures.

It is also argued that the physical differences between humans and other species are indeed morally relevant, and that to deny this is to engage in anthropomorphism.

Ryder argued in the pamphlet that " Since Darwin, scientists have agreed that there is no ' magical ' essential difference between humans and other animals, biologically-speaking.

" Singer argued that, although there may be differences between animals and humans, they share the capacity to suffer, and we must give equal consideration to that suffering ; any position that allows similar cases to be treated in a dissimilar fashion fails to qualify as an acceptable moral theory.

It is argued that just as an infant cannot possibly understand the motives of its parent due to its cognitive limitations, so too are humans unable to comprehend God's will in their current physical and earthly state.

Irenaeus argued that human creation comprised two parts: humans were made first in the image, then in the likeness, of God.

In 1541, while in Bologna, Vesalius uncovered the fact that all of Galen's research had been based upon animal anatomy rather than the human ; since dissection had been banned in ancient Rome, Galen had dissected Barbary Apes instead, and argued that they would be anatomically similar to humans.

However, it has been argued that WordNet encodes sense distinctions that are too fine-grained even for humans.

If such a union of human and divine occurred, Nestorius believed that Christ could not truly be con-substantial with God and con-substantial with us because he would grow, mature, suffer and die ( which Nestorius argued God cannot do ) and also would possess the power of God that would separate him from being equal to humans.

It might be argued that the Communists are less inhuman than the Nazis and furnish the artist with drama in a lower key.

Lincoln denounced the decision, alleging it was the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power Lincoln argued, " The authors of the Declaration of Independence never intended ' to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity ', but they ' did consider all men created equal — equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness '.

It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as E. O. Wilson that natural selection can act at the level of non-kin groups to produce adaptations that benefit a non-kin group even if these adaptions are detrimental at the individual level.

Anarchist theorist Murray Rothbard argued that all government services, including defense, are inefficient because they lack a market-based pricing mechanism regulated by the voluntary decisions of consumers purchasing services that fulfill their highest-priority needs and by investors seeking the most profitable enterprises to invest in.

Austrian economist Jesus Huerta de Soto argued that Friedman's conclusions are based on misleading data ( such as GDP ).

Frank Tipler has argued that physics can explain immortality, though such arguments are not falsifiable and thus do not qualify, in Karl Popper's views, as science.

In his sermons on capital sins, Alain argued that sodomy and homicide are the most serious sins, since they call forth the wrath of God, which led to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.

Evolutionary aesthetics refers to evolutionary psychology theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of Homo sapiens are argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success.

Heinz-Günther Nesselrath has argued that these and other details of Silenus ' story are meant as imitation and exaggeration of the Atlantis story, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.

It has been argued that the name " Titus " in 2 Corinthians and Galatians is nothing more than an informal name used by Timothy, implied already by the fact that even though both are said to be long-term close companions of Paul, they never appear in common scenes.

However it has often been argued that in the dominated countries ( most of the world ) the WSF is little more than an ' NGO fair ' driven by Northern NGOs and donors most of which are hostile to popular movements of the poor.

Others have argued that astronomy is an inaccurate term, what are being studied are cosmologies and people who object to the use of logos have suggested adopting the Spanish cosmovisión.

In contrast Clive Ruggles has argued that there are problems with the selection of data in Thom's surveys.

Some studies have found decreased life expectancy associated with the use of antipsychotics, and argued that more studies are needed.

Whorf argued that paying attention to how other physical phenomena are described in the study of linguistics could make valuable contributions to science by pointing out the ways in which certain assumptions about reality are implicit in the structure of language itself, and how language guides the attention of speakers towards certain phenomena in the world which risk becoming overemphasized while leaving other phenomena at risk of being overlooked.

Pointing out that predicables are predicated univocally of substances ; that is, they refer to " the same thing " found in each instance, St. Thomas argued that whatever can be said about being is not univocal, because all beings are unique, each actuated by a unique existence.

Conversely, the Belgian Blue's meat tenderness has been argued to be just as tender because there are a large number of smaller muscle fibers.

Jane Chance ( Professor of English, Rice University ) in her 1980 article " The Structural Unity of Beowulf: The Problem of Grendel's Mother " argued that there are two standard interpretations of the poem: one view which suggests a two-part structure ( i. e., the poem is divided between Beowulf's battles with Grendel and with the dragon ) and the other, a three-part structure ( this interpretation argues that Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother is structurally separate from his battle with Grendel ).

She also argued that the two traditions are not comparable and should not be regarded as such.