However, similar explanations can be claimed for the spread of Islam and Buddhism — yet none of them are historical explanations.

They claimed that the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the Masjid al-Haram ( The Sacred Mosque ) and the Kaaba, must be held by those of true faith.

It is claimed the works of counter-enlightenment philosophers such as Heidegger, along with Friedrich Nietzsche and Joseph de Maistre, influenced Iran's Shia Islamists, notably Ali Shariati, in constructing the ideological foundations of the Iranian Revolution and modern political Islam.

Other modern historians, by contrast, are divided over the battle's importance, and considerable disagreement exists as to whether the victory was responsible — as Gibbon and his generation of historians claimed, and which is echoed by many modern historians — for saving Christianity and halting the conquest of Europe by Islam.

Some scholars suggest that the major impetus for the formation of Karaism was a reaction to the rapid rise of Shi ' a Islam, which recognized Judaism as a fellow monotheistic faith, but claimed that it detracted from monotheism by deferring to Rabbinic authority.

Thus absolute, universal power was vested under early Islam in the original Caliphate ( before it became the political toy of worldly powers ' behind the throne ' and was even politically discarded by essentially secular princes ), and later again claimed by Mahdis.

During the era of Muhammad there was also a man in a region of Arabia called Yamamah, who claimed to be a prophet and took the name Rahman which, in Islam, belongs only to God.

It is claimed that his paternal lineage goes back to Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, through the Prophet's daughter Fatima and cousin Ali.

Early Bauls claimed to be followers of Islam and focused on love of the society and harmony with nature.

" Malik explained that " he who establishes an innovation in Islam regarding it as something good, has claimed that Muhammad has betrayed his trust to deliver the message as God says, ' this day have I perfected for you your religion '.

One MEK defector's memoirindicated that Rajavi claimed to have a mystical relationship with a prophet known as Imam Zaman, ( the Mahdi or Twelfth Imam of Shia Islam ).

Goel claimed that there is a Media bias in India, in particular with regard to criticism of Islam or people like Nehru.

She claimed: " the common structure between these two ideological currents Golwalkar and Goel / Shourie, separated by several decades as they are, highlights the core of the Hindu nationalist movement: ethnicism or exclusive particularism " Koenraad Elst disagrees with Kondo, and says: " In sharp contrast with the repetitive-nationalistic and Indocentric approach of Golwalkar and the RSS, Goel and Shourie ( and Ram Swarup before them ) have developed a historical and philosophical critique of Christianity and Islam that has universal validity.

" On the same occasion, Peters claimed to know that Muslim extremists were regularly entering New Zealand, and accused Islam in New Zealand as " having two facesa moderate face and a militant underbelly ".

Although al-Mahdi had proclaimed that the caliph was the protector of Islam against heresy, and had also claimed the ability to declare orthodoxy, religious scholars in the Islamic world believed that al-Ma ' mun was overstepping his bounds in the mihna.

But of late, many Malay politicians have strongly tried to revive the spirit of Malay nationalism and patriotism but with more emphasize on Malay unity and go back to Islam doctrine as to counter PAS claimed that the party is the one and only Islamic party in the country.

Umm al-Fadl claimed to be the second woman to convert to Islam, the same day as her close friend Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the first wife of Muhammad.

In one of his most well-known and praised works, Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya, a voluminous work consisting of five parts, he claimed to be the Messiah of Islam, which has proven a strong challenge for Muslims to accept, since traditional Islamic thought maintained that Jesus will return in the flesh during the last age.

Muslim youths gathered at the Kofar Mata Eide-ground where they were addressed by several clerics who claimed that Bonnke was going to blaspheme Islam.

72-year-old Abdul Hadi Khalilzai, the oldest candidate and a former teacher and religious lawyer, claimed to support women's rights " according to the Constitution, accepted Afghan tradition and the holy religion of Islam ".

This prompted an " immediate outcry " from hard-line clerics, who claimed that he was attacking " the Prophet of Islam and fundamental Shiite Islamic traditions ", although Dr. Aghajari has repeatedly denied that his speech was intended as an attack on Islam or the Prophet.

After the 9 / 11 attacks, in a Newsweek cover essay, " Why They Hate Us ," Zakaria argued that Islamic extremism was not fundamentally rooted in Islam, nor could it be claimed a reaction to American foreign policy.

JI's precursor was the Darul Islam movement which in 1948 challenged the new secularist republic through civil war that claimed some 27, 000 lives.

He claimed that the release of the preliminary findings was ' prejudicial to his position ' ''.

A lone pro-Hearst voice from New York City was that of William Devery, who had been expelled as a Tammany leader but still claimed strong influence in his own district.

Potemkin's Army of Ekaterinoslav, totaling, it was claimed, 40,000 regular troops and 6,000 irregulars of the Cossack Corps, had invested Islam's principal stronghold on the north shore of the Black Sea, the fortress town of Oczakov, and was preparing to test the Turk by land and sea.

This he claimed was the favorite refrain of the English.

When, in March, 1640, the two towns were united under Coddington, Gorton claimed the union was irregular and illegally constituted and that it had never been sanctioned by the majority of freeholders.

Adams was not breaking new ground when he claimed that the worship of an unseen power was in reality a reflection of man's inability to cope with his environment.

Its ground for this recommendation was that, while petitioner claimed before the local board August 17, 1956 ( as evidenced by its memorandum in his file of that date ), that he was devoting 100 hours per month to actual preaching, the headquarters of the Jehovah's Witnesses reported that he was no longer doing so and, on the contrary, had relinquished both his Pioneer and Bible Student Servant positions.

Not only were the court costs prohibitive, but I was subjected to crippling fines, in addition to usurious interest on the unpaid `` debts '' which the government claimed that Metronome and I owed -- a severe financial blow.

Spokesmen for the nation's tradition-minded sculptors promptly claimed that Udall was exiling the statue because of his own hostility to this art form.

) The sorry fact about this young man, who was barely of age when he broke into major-league baseball, was that he really was a better ball player than he was given credit for being -- never so good as he claimed, and always an irritant to his associates, but a good steady performer when he could fight down the temptation to orate on his skills or cut up in public.

The Texans made themselves a comforting break on the opening kickoff when Denver's Al Carmichael was jarred loose from the ball when Dave Grayson, the speedy halfback, hit him and Guard Al Reynolds claimed it for Dallas.

Agrarianism claimed agriculture was the source of all wealth and called for the wide distribution of land as the foundation of democracy and freedom.

Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great, and was elected consul in 56 BC.

In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew ; but, a polymath, his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.

Collins, who has a history of alcohol abuse, claimed that the song was able to " pull her through " to recovery.

Caracalla, it was claimed, tried to counter this influence by invoking his ancestral spirits.

Despite being quite religious, he was also interested in mathematics and science, and sometimes is claimed to have contradicted the teachings of the Church in favour of scientific theories.

Sargon was claimed to be the son of La ' ibum or Itti-Bel, a humble gardener, and possibly a hierodule, or priestess to Ishtar or Inanna.