The first detection of tau neutrino interactions was announced in summer of 2000 by the DONUT collaboration at Fermilab, making it the latest particle of the Standard Model to have been directly observed ; its existence had already been inferred by both theoretical consistency and experimental data from the Large Electron – Positron Collider.

Although cognitive processes can only be inferred and cannot be seen directly, they all have very important practical implications within a legal context.

His name is rarely directly attested in inscriptions, but his importance can be inferred from place names and ethnonyms, and his nature and attributes are deduced from the distinctive iconography of Gallo-Roman inscriptions to Mercury, who is widely believed to have been identified with Lugus, and from the quasi-mythological narratives involving his later cognates, Irish Lugh Lámhfhada ( Lugh of the Long Arm ) and Welsh Lleu Llaw Gyffes ( Lleu of the Skillful Hand ).

Otherwise, their presence is to be inferred mostly through the effects they have on neighboring sounds, and on patterns of alternation that they participate in ; when a laryngeal is attested directly, it is usually as a vowel ( as in the Greek examples below ).

Procter wrote a number of poems about war ( the majority of poems published on this topic in Household Words were by Procter ), although she rarely deals directly with the topic, preferring to leave war " in the background, something to be inferred rather than stated.

Melody, as they are affectionately known by their mostly female fans, play modern taarab, which, for the first time, is ' taarab to dance to ' and features direct lyrics, bypassing the unwritten laws of lyrical subtlety of the older groups such as Egyptian Musical Club and Al-Wattan Musical Club where meaning to their songs was only alluded to, and never directly inferred.

Lung volumes are directly measured ; Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes.

No concrete details of his life can be directly inferred from his works, but there are some passages of self-reflection that appear to contain autobiographical inferences, particularly in the opening stanzas of his Testament of Cresseid.

Whenever an electron simply " appears " in such a chamber as a new free particle suddenly moving with kinetic energy, and moves in the direction of the neutrinos as the apparent result of a new impulse, and this behavior happens more often when the neutrino beam is present, it is inferred to be a result of a neutrino interacting directly with the electron.

The term latent is used to emphasize that discrete item responses are taken to be observable manifestations of hypothesized traits, constructs, or attributes, not directly observed, but which must be inferred from the manifest responses.

Information about a particular quantity of interest therefore comes not only from the properties of those data which directly depend on it, but also from the properties of the population of parameters as a whole, inferred from the data as a whole, summarised by the hyperparameters.

While his guilty statement was accepted by the court the co-conspirator atmosphere directly inferred that Jeena Han was also guilty despite Mr. Bryants statements that she never wanted to harm Sunny.

The horror of each story is built around implication, and many horrific endings, involving death or unpleasant situations, can only be inferred, since nothing is directly stated.

Their existence is inferred from cosmology, but they have not yet been observed directly.

Observations of the solar atmosphere are done using remote imaging ; consequently, the magnetic fields are inferred or extrapolated rather than observed directly and the resolved length scales are much larger than the length scales on which reconnection occurs.

Since they consist of dark matter, halos cannot be observed directly, but their existence is inferred through their effects on the motions of stars and gas in galaxies.

The inferential mood is used in some languages such as Turkish to convey information about events, which were not directly observed or were inferred by the speaker.

In a worker-oriented job analysis, the skills are inferred from tasks and the skills are rated directly in terms of importance of frequency.

As many spectators at the ground may be otherwise occupied using stadium facilities it might be inferred that the scale and spectacle of half-time entertainment is more directly related to the size of the potential television audience.

While dark energy cannot be observed directly, its basic properties can be inferred from its effect on structure formation in the universe.

Product-values in Marx's sense quite simply cannot be directly observed, only inferred from the actual behaviour of trading relations.

In this case of the model, the difference can be inferred directly from the proportion of instances in which j is judged greater than i if it is hypothesised that is distributed according to some density function, such as the normal distribution or logistic function.

In statistics, latent variables ( as opposed to observable variables ), are variables that are not directly observed but are rather inferred ( through a mathematical model ) from other variables that are observed ( directly measured ).

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

Here, as in all sectors of the economy, quality and justice are both dependent on the right of the individual to deal directly with his employer if he so chooses.

Consequently, if the shear angle **yf is replaced by the rupture angle Af, the relationships as described in eqns. ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 4 ), and ( 6 ) will directly apply.

It is also sufficient to show the Christian and any other champion of justice that he needs to make sure not only that his cause is just but also that his conduct is just, i.e., that, if economic pressure has to be resorted to, this be applied directly against those persons directly in the way of some salutary change in business or institutional practices, while, if injury fall upon others, it fall upon them indirectly and secondarily ( however inevitably ) and not by deliberate intent and direct action against them.

For if I knew the secret of letting this power in my body change directly into electricity, I could rent myself out to the electric companies and with just the power in my body I could light all the lights and run all the factories in the entire United States for some days.

Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab ( and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom ), decided to test Van den Broek and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fit the Bohr theory's demand that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to a measure of the square of Z.

For galaxies ( which are of course themselves much larger than 10 parsecs, and whose overall brightness cannot be directly observed from relatively short distances ) the absolute magnitude is defined by reference to the apparent brightness of a point-like or star-like source of the same total luminosity as the galaxy, as it would appear if observed at the standard 10 parsecs distance.

There is the ability to opt-out of APM control on a device-by-device basis, which can be used if a driver wants to communicate directly with a hardware device.

Half of the Members of the Bundestag are elected directly from 299 constituencies ( first-past-the-post system ), the other half are elected from the parties ’ Land lists in such a way as to achieve proportional representation for the total Bundestag ( if possible ).

Brueys may have been hoping that the delay would allow him to slip past the British during the night and thus follow Bonaparte's orders not to engage the British fleet directly if it could be avoided.

In particular, if α = m + 1 / 2 with m a nonnegative integer, the above relations imply directly that

When joining the game, money ( and I. D., if necessary ) should be placed on the table rather than passed directly to a dealer.

Polysilicon may be grown directly with doping, if gases such as phosphine, arsine or diborane are added to the CVD chamber.

Informally, an object is reachable if it is referenced by at least one variable in the program, either directly or through references from other reachable objects.

It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane ( Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon ).

# The values attached to experiences, and the values that are a part of the self-structure, in some instances, are values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values introjected or taken over from others, but perceived in distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced directly.

The active regions involve all the phenomena directly linked to the magnetic field, which occur at different heights on the Sun's surface: sunspots and faculae, happening in the photosphere, spicules, Hα filaments and plages in the chromosphere, prominences in the chromosphere and transition region, and flares and coronal mass ejections happening in the corona and chromosphere, but if flares are very violent can perturb also the photosphere and generate a Moreton wave, as described by Uchida.

Another study was started to see if a new RISC architecture could be defined that could directly support the VMS operating system.

This small difference in the Sun's position against the stars causes any particular spot on the Earth's surface to catch up with ( and stand directly north or south of ) the Sun about 4 minutes later each day than it would if the Earth did not orbit ; our day is 24 hours long rather than the approximately 23 hour 56 minute sidereal day.

The frequency response or transfer function of a filter can be obtained if the impulse response is known, or directly through analysis using Laplace transforms, or in discrete-time systems the Z-transform.

" As referenced above in the section on " The economic calculation problem ", Hayek wrote that " there is no reason why ... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance ...." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes " advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state.