Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism ( as a form of altruism ) on happiness and health and have consistently found a strong connection between volunteerism and current and future health and well-being.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

Detrimental effects on short term memory, which affect the way one figures and calculates ( although this also may be purely subjective ), may also be observed on high enough dosages.

" Sui-Nam Lee observed that " communication imperialism can be defined as the process in which the ownership and control over the hardware and software of mass media as well as other major forms of communication in one country are singly or together subjugated to the domination of another country with deleterious effects on the indigenous values, norms and culture.

Therefore, four loose families of more-efficient light transport modelling techniques have emerged: rasterization, including scanline rendering, geometrically projects objects in the scene to an image plane, without advanced optical effects ; ray casting considers the scene as observed from a specific point-of-view, calculating the observed image based only on geometry and very basic optical laws of reflection intensity, and perhaps using Monte Carlo techniques to reduce artifacts ; and ray tracing is similar to ray casting, but employs more advanced optical simulation, and usually uses Monte Carlo techniques to obtain more realistic results at a speed that is often orders of magnitude slower.

The most observed geometries are listed below, but there are many cases that deviate from a regular geometry, e. g. due to the use of ligands of different types ( which results in irregular bond lengths ; the coordination atoms do not follow a points-on-a-sphere pattern ), due to the size of ligands, or due to electronic effects ( see, e. g., Jahn-Teller distortion ):

In these scenarios, the effects attributed to centrifugal force are only observed in the local frame ( the frame in which the object is stationary ) if the object is undergoing absolute rotation relative to an inertial frame.

By contrast, in an inertial frame, the observed effects arise as a consequence of the inertia and the known forces without the need to introduce a centrifugal force.

The effects of this study can be observed in humans with amnesia, indicating the role of the hippocampus in developing episodic memories that can be generalized to similar situations.

The effects of diffraction of light were first carefully observed and characterized by Francesco Maria Grimaldi, who also coined the term diffraction, from the Latin diffringere, ' to break into pieces ', referring to light breaking up into different directions.

Dark matter plays a central role in state-of-the-art modeling of structure formation and galaxy evolution, and has measurable effects on the anisotropies observed in the cosmic microwave background.

Ephemeris time ( ET ), adopted as standard in 1952, was originally designed as an approach to a uniform time scale, to be freed from the effects of irregularity in the rotation of the earth, " for the convenience of astronomers and other scientists ", for example for use in ephemerides of the Sun ( as observed from the Earth ), the Moon, and the planets.

There must be some unknown mechanism acting on these variables to give rise to the observed effects of " non-commuting quantum observables ", i. e. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Ethanol-mediated effects are not observed on tremor frequency and peak location.

Despite briefly toying with the name " rational Mesmerism ", Braid ultimately emphasised his approach's uniqueness, carrying out informal experiments throughout his career to refute the arguments invoking supernatural practices, and demonstrate instead the role of ordinary physiological and psychological processes such as suggestion and focused attention in producing the observed effects.

Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, and surface water waves.

Previously, other researchers had observed distinct color effects when cooling cholesterol derivatives just above the freezing point, but had not associated it with a new phenomenon.

If the pitch of this twist is on the order of the wavelength of visible light, then interesting optical interference effects can be observed.

As an artist, Leonardo closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.

After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed.

In the United States addiction clinics typically start patients at a low dose, generally only starting patients on methadone when they are in withdrawal and providing a small test dose, after which the patients are observed for possible adverse effects.

From this ancient superstition are derived several Gaelic customs which were still observed around the turn of the twentieth century, such as drinking over the left thumb, as Toland expresses it, or according to the course of the sun.

The ghosts of those who were to die soon would be the first observed, while those who would almost see out the year would not be witnessed until almost 1. 00 a. m. Other variations of the superstition say that the watchers would see headless or rotting corpses, or coffins approaching.

I have observed that being up on a horse changes the whole character of a man, and when a very small man is up on a saddle, he'd like as not prefer to eat his meals there.

What I have observed time and time again is a process of integration, integration that begins as abstract design and gradually takes on recognizable form ; ;

but the phenomena observed had such a degree of analogy to those depending on electrical distribution that one could not find the slightest difference.

Mars has been observed twice at about 3-cm wave length, and the intensity of the observed radiation is in reasonable agreement with the thermal radiation which might be predicted on the basis of the known temperature of Mars.

By comparing reaction cells sealed from the same manifold temperature dependency corresponding to activation energies ranging from 11 to 18 Af was observed while dependence on the first power of the light intensity seemed to be indicated in most cases.

The last column shows the rate of exchange that would have been observed at a relative intensity of 4 ( 14.7 cm. distance ) calculated on the assumptions that the incident light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the lamp from the cell and that the rate is directly proportional to the incident light intensity.

The diurnal variation in the observed flux may be partly due to the dependence of the detector sensitivity on the incident velocity.

Towards the end of an intermediate or major rise, while the top is forming on the price chart, it is frequently observed that the odd-lot buying increases sharply.

A Confederate observed that the Yankees were: `` thicker than lise on a hen and a dam site ornraier ''.

It was observed in the introductory chapter that metropolitan life had split into two trends -- expanding interdependence on an impersonal basis and growing exclusiveness in local communal groupings.

The `` places '' could be anywhere, the idiosyncrasies and foibles observed there could be anybody's, and the laugh is on us all.

`` Well -- women and unhappiness go together '', I observed profoundly, adding, `` You can wager your derriere on that ''.

These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.

The observed properties are consistent with it being a heavier analog of iodine ; many other properties have been estimated based on this resemblance.

Looking back on this period ( in 1926 ) Milne observed that when he told his agent that he was going to write a detective story, he was told that what the country wanted from a " Punch humorist " was a humorous story ; when two years later he said he was writing nursery rhymes, his agent and publisher were convinced he should write another detective story ; and after another two years he was being told that writing a detective story would be in the worst of taste given the demand for children's books.

A tradition at one time observed on this day in England was to leave out soul cakes and sing a song for the dead.

He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov – Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.

considered to be active on the basis of observed fumarolic activity or

A similar situation is observed in modern Komodo dragons, with hatchlings beginning life as small insectivores before growing to become the dominant predators on their islands.

When that student observed an infraction, he or she reported it to the rest of the class and, as a whole, they deliberated on punishment.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).