The Mongols were at one time allied with the Song, but this alliance was broken when the Song recaptured the former imperial capitals of Kaifeng, Luoyang and Chang ' an at the collapse of the Jin Dynasty.

During that year, rumors flew through Europe that the Mongols had recaptured Jerusalem and were going to return the city to the Europeans.

Within a year of the withdrawal of the Mongols, the three westernmost counties ( Moson, Sopron, and Vas ) that were extorted as ransom by Duke Frederick of Austria were recaptured, and a local uprising in Slavonia was quashed.

Later Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, founded his own small state called Qara Del in Kumul or Hami, which accepted Ming supremacy in the early 15th century, but was conquered by another branch of Mongols later on.

The Mongols, who controlled China at the time under the Yuan Dynasty, attempted to invade Japan twice in the 13th century, marking the key military events of the Kamakura period, and two of the very few invasion attempts upon Japan in the 2nd millennium.

The Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan attempted to invade Japan twice with enormous fleets ( of both Mongols and Chinese ), in 1274 and again in 1281, both attempts being unsuccessful ( see Mongol invasions of Japan ).

During his time as cloistered emperor, the Mongols invaded twice.

Having been raided twice by the Mongols within a single year, Transylvania felt the consequences of the invasion of 1241 – 1242 for more than two decades.

The ancestors of the Chechens bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols, not once, but twice, but this came at great cost to them, as their state was utterly destroyed.

* Genghis Khan's Mongols, under the leadership of his eldest son Jochi, conduct a second campaign against the Kyrgyz.

The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk, whose boy-prince Vasily, son of Titus, and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks, killing 4, 000.

By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames ( for example, a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name " Aksak " and his descendents were the Aksakovs ) Many Russian boyar ( noble ) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov ( descendents of Bulgak ) and Chaadaev ( descendents of Genghis Khan's son Jagatay ).

In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, reorganized the Manchus, including those other groups ( such as Hans and Mongols ) who had joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing Empire, and formally changed the name of the ethnic designation to Manchu, outlawing use of the name Jurchen.

In 1286 Panya Lang's son, Panya Khamphong, was involved in a coup d ' état that was probably instigated by the Mongols and that exiled his father.

Imam ' Ala al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his eldest son Imam Rukn al-Din Khurshah who engaged in a long series of negotiations with invading Mongols, and under whose leadership, the Alamut castle was surrendered to the Mongols.

Zanabazar was the son of the Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj, ruler of central Khalkha Mongolia, and himself became the spiritual head of the Khalkha Mongols.

After the sudden death of Ogedei's son Kochu in Chinese territory, the Mongols withdrew from southern China, although Kochu's brother Prince Koten invaded Tibet right after their withdrawal.

In 1221, Merv opened its gates to Tule, son of Genghis Khan, chief of the Mongols, on which occasion most of the inhabitants are said to have been butchered.

Kublai's successor Temur abolished imperial son in law Goryeo King Chungnyeol's 358 departments which caused financial pressures to Korean people, though, Mongols gave them some autonomy.

During the last years of Hethum's reign, largely as a result of Hethum's active support of the Mongols, the Kingdom came under increasing attack by the Mamluks, who invaded in 1266, taking 40, 000 Armenians captive, ( including Hethum's son, Leo ) at the Disaster of Mari.

He was the son of Leo II of Armenia and Kyranna de Lampron, and was part of the Hethumid dynasty, being the grandson of Hethum I, who had originally submitted Cilicia to the Mongols in 1247.

After Mikhail of Chernigov was murdered by the Mongols and his capital was destroyed, his son moved his seat to Bryansk.

After Mikhail of Chernigov was murdered by the Mongols and his capital was destroyed, his son moved his seat to Bryansk.

The Ming army captured the city and relatives and Maidarbal, a son of Ayushiridara who escaped safely to Karakorum where he was officially enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols with the Mongolian title of Biligtü ( Intelligent ).

This action led Uriyankhadai and his son Aju to invade Vietnam with 3, 000 Mongols and 10, 000 Yi tribesmen.

By all accounts, Genghis Khan treated Jochi as his first son, but a doubt always remained among the Mongols whether Temüjin or Chilger Bökh was the real father of Jochi.

The second son of the Xuande Emperor, he was selected in 1449 to succeed his older brother, the Zhengtong Emperor, when the latter was captured by Mongols following the Tumu Crisis.

Rinchinbal ( Mongolian: Rinčinbal, Ринчинбал ; Rinchinbal from Tibetan rin chen dpal ), also known as Emperor Ningzong of Yuan ( Chinese: 元寧宗, May 1, 1326 – December 14, 1332 ), was a son of Kuśala who was briefly installed to the throne of the Yuan Dynasty, but died soon after he seized the throne of Great Khan of the Mongols and Emperor of China.

Khutughtu Khan ( Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, Hutagt haan, ), also known as Emperor Mingzong of Yuan ( Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329 ), born Kuśala ( Qošila, Küsala, Küsele, Хүслэн Höslen ), was a son of Khayishan who briefly ascended the throne of the Yuan Dynasty in 1329, but died soon after he seized the throne of Great Khan of the Mongols and Emperor of China.

Duwa assisted Kaidu's son Chapar to succeed his father as head of the House of Ogedei and insisted him to recognize Temur's supremacy as Khagan of all Mongols.

The move by the Rus ' army was detected by the Mongols, who were on the east side of the Dnieper River waiting for reinforcements from Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son, who was campaigning around the Aral Sea.

She married Ejei Khan, son of Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols.

The emirs assembled at the court of the 15-year-old Sultan Al-Mansur Ali and Qutuz told them that because of the seriousness of the situation, Egypt should have a strong and a capable Sultan who could fight the Mongols.

Ahmed arrives at the city gate, shut and manned by Mongols.

Ahmed liberates the city and rescues the princess, using his cloak of invisibility to get through the Mongols guarding their prince.

This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A. D. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain.

* 1215 – Zhongdu ( now Beijing ), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.

As the kingdom was by now a relatively unimportant state, the Mongols paid little attention to it, but there were a few skirmishes in 1260: the forces of Julian of Sidon killed the nephew of Kitbuqa, who responded by sacking Sidon, and John II of Beirut was also captured by the Mongols during another raid.

* Beijing is captured and torched by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China.

The Mongols destroyed the Kingdom of Dali in Laos, and captured the Goryeo kingdom in Korea, eastern Galicia in Europe, Anatolia in Turkey, and the Islamic center of Baghdad, where tens or hundreds of thousands were killed as the city was burned to the ground.

* Only 4 of 58 districts in Sichuan, China, are captured from the Southern Song by the Mongols under Ögedei.

** A French goldsmith working in Budapest named Guillaume Boucher is captured by the Mongols and taken to Karakorum.

After the decline of the Abbasids, parts of Jordan were ruled by various powers and empires including the Mongols, the Crusaders, the Ayyubids, the Mamlukes as well as the Ottomans, who captured major parts of the Arab World around 1517.

An allied army of Song and Mongols looted the capital in 1233, and the next year Āizōng committed suicide to avoid being captured, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.

Soon after the Tumu incident in 1449, when the Oirat ruler Esen Taishi captured the Chinese emperor, Mongols flooded south from Northern Mongolia to Southern Mongolia.

The Mongols captured a huge quantity of arms and armour while killing most of the Chinese troops.

When the Ming army finally captured Yunnan from Mongols in 1382, thousands of prisoners were killed and, according to the custom in times of war, their young sons – including Zheng He – were castrated.

The crusaders captured it from the Seljuks in the 12th century, but Saladin retook it ( 1175 ), and later it became the headquarters of Hulagu and his Mongols, who completed its ruin.

Ivan Kalita intentionally pursued the policy of relocation of people to his principality by an invitation of people from other places and by purchase of Russian people captured by Mongols during their raids.

It was then captured by the Mongols in 1218.

The confusion was enhanced in 1805, when the French playwright / historian François Raynouard made claims that Jerusalem had been captured by the Mongols, with de Molay in charge of one of the Mongol divisions.

* Esyn Tayshi, the Oirat leader who enthrone himself the Khan of the Mongols and captured the Emperor of Ming China.

An-Nasir Yusuf was soon captured by the Mongols and used to persuade the garrison at Ajlun to capitulate.

After a 3 day-siege using heavy attacks, the Mongols captured the city and massacred its inhabitants, then proceeded to destroy the army of the Grand principality of Vladimir at the Sit River.

The Mongols captured the Alania capital, Maghas, in 1238.

When its caliph al-Mustasim refused to submit to the Mongols, Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258, an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam, and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba.

The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz at that time allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who wanted to defend Islam after the Mongols captured Damascus and most of Bilad al-Sham.

He was only 2 years old when his father, the Zhengtong emperor, was captured by the Oirat Mongols and held captive in 1449.