Full moons are generally a poor time to conduct astronomical observations, since the bright reflected sunlight from the moon overwhelms the dimmer light from stars.

* Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) improved the telescope, with which he made several important astronomical discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn, and made detailed observations of sunspots.

It contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the Moon, the stars, and the moons of Jupiter.

* That, from his observations of the Jovian moons he derived better periods of revolution and other orbital elements for them than did Galileo.

Marius drew conclusions about the structure of the universe from his observations of the Jovian moons and the stellar disks.

He also concluded from his observations of the Jovian moons that they must orbit Jupiter while Jupiter orbits the sun.

The observation was able to very accurately determine the latitude of Providence ( to the nearest second of arc ), after which the longitude was determined by comparing observations of the moons of Jupiter with similar observations made in Cambridge, England.

: Saturn System-Rings and Titan from Arecibo Observatory, mapping of Titan's surface and observations of other moons from the Cassini spacecraft.

Ostro led radar observations of numerous asteroids, as well as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, Saturn's rings, and Mars and its satellites.

Radar observations of Mars ' moons, Phobos and Deimos, have refined knowledge of their orbits and show that their surfaces are coated with very low density (~ 1 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >) material, most likely fine-grain dust, to a depth of several meters.

The effect of the finite speed of light on observations of celestial objects was first recognised by Ole Rømer in 1675, during a series of observations of eclipses of the moons of Jupiter.

After moving to Königsberg Observatory, Struve built a 32. 5-inch refractor telescope there and continued his work on the moons of Saturn, the last observations of which he made in 1916.

* To use existing and ongoing observations to model the conditions on the planets, moons, asteroids, and meteorites, thereby gaining knowledge on their formation, evolution, and present conditions.

However Voyager 2s observations placed strict constraints on the size and mass of any undiscovered moons, making such a theory unlikely.

Galileo's first observations of the natural satellite | moons of Jupiter.

Without this postulate it would be impossible to infer the speed of light from astronomical observations, as Ole Rømer did based on observations of the moons of Jupiter.

Without this postulate it would not be possible to infer the speed of light from astronomical observations, as Rømer did based on observations of the moons of Jupiter.

Poincaré went on to note that Rømer also had to assume that Jupiter's moons obey Newton's laws, including the law of gravitation, whereas it would be possible to reconcile a different speed of light with the same observations if we assumed some different ( probably more complicated ) laws of motion.

He was instrumental in establishing the Durham University Observatory ( in 1839 ), serving as its Director for thirty years, and from which he made important observations of Jupiter's moons and regular meteorological observations.

Radio observations of Venus and Jupiter have already supplied unexpected experimental data on the physical conditions of these planets.

In the relatively short time since these early observations, Venus has been observed at additional wave lengths in the range from 0.8 to 10.2 cm, and Jupiter has been observed over the wave-length range from 3.03 to 68 Aj.

His observations on eclipses were still used centuries later in Simon Newcomb's investigations on the motion of the moon, while his other observations inspired Laplace's Obliquity of the Ecliptic and Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn.

Two other satellites made observations at the time of the impact: the Ulysses spacecraft, primarily designed for solar observations, was pointed towards Jupiter from its location 2. 6 AU away, and the distant Voyager 2 probe, some 44 AU from Jupiter and on its way out of the Solar System following its encounter with Neptune in 1989, was programmed to look for radio emission in the 1 – 390 kHz range.

In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.

Rømer added his own observations to Cassini's and observed that times between eclipses ( particularly those of Io ) got shorter as Earth approached Jupiter, and longer as Earth moved farther away.

He took his observations of dark and bright spots on the surfaces of Mars and Jupiter to be evidence of water and ice on those planets.

Newton lists the astronomical observations on which he relies ( in ' The Phaenomena '), and establishes in a stepwise manner that the inverse square law of mutual gravitation applies to solar system bodies, starting with the satellites of Jupiter and going on by stages to show that the law is of universal application.

He built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes, observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter and, based on his observations of fossils, was an early proponent of biological evolution.

* The Chinese astronomer Gan De from the State of Qi reportedly discovers the moon Ganymede, belonging to Jupiter, and makes the earliest known sunspot observations.

* The combination of different observations taken under different conditions as notably performed by Roger Joseph Boscovich in his work on the shape of the earth and Pierre-Simon Laplace in his work in explaining the differences in motion of Jupiter and Saturn.

Amongst the fruits of his industry may be mentioned a laborious investigation of the disturbances of Jupiter by Saturn, the results of which were employed and confirmed by Euler in his prize essay of 1748 ; a series of lunar observations extending over fifty years ; some interesting researches in terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity, in the latter of which he detected a regular diurnal period ; and the determination of the places of a great number of stars, including at least twelve separate observations of Uranus, between 1750 and its discovery as a planet.

This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter.

In the observations at 4.3 mm ( Coates, 1959 ), the diameter of the antenna beam, 6'.7, was small enough to allow resolution of some of the larger features of the lunar surface, and contour diagrams have been made of the lunar brightness distribution at three lunar phases.

Following the asymmetric nature of the warm and cold phases of ENSO, a study could not identify such distinctions for La Niña, both in observations and in the climate models.

Meyer used symmetry arguments to predict ferroelectric liquid crystals, and the prediction could immediately be verified by several observations of behavior connected to ferroelectricity in smectic liquid-crystal phases that are chiral and tilted.

Now, however, it is known through a mix of observations on field samples and laboratory cultures, that the two coccolith types are produced by the same species but at different life cycle phases.

He coined the term diauxie to denote the frequent observations of two distinct growth phases of bacteria grown on two sugars.

The first known observations of the full planetary phases of Venus were by Galileo at the end of 1610 ( though not published until 1613 ).

Starting with his first use of the telescope for astronomical observations in 1610, Galileo Galilei provided support for the Copernican system by observing the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter ( which showed that the apparently anomalous orbit of the Moon in Copernicus ' theory was not unique ).

Brahe did not accept heliocentrism because Galileo's observations only confirmed that other planets, specifically Venus, revolved around the Sun, not Earth.

The expedition sailed from England on 26 August 1768, rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific to arrive at Tahiti on 13 April 1769, where the observations of the Venus Transit were made.

The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus, that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC.

Therefore, the absence of life in Venus, with a somewhat similar composition to Earth's primitive conditions or the absence of life on Mars, given the proposed " resilience " of life in space, damages the panspermia theory, at least based on observations of our own Solar System-the theory suggests that life would be more abundant in the Solar system.

Subsequent contributions to the Transactions contained his observations of the transits of Venus ( 1761 and 1769 ), on the tides at Saint Helena ( 1762 ), and on various astronomical phenomena at Saint Helena ( 1764 ) and at Barbados ( 1764 ).

* 2nd millennium BC – earliest possible date for the composition of the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus, and the oldest planetary table currently known.

* 1962 – The Mariner 2 Venus flyby performs the first closeup observations of another planet

" However, earlier examples of international scientific cooperation exist, notably the 18th-century observations of the transits of Venus.

Cloud structure in Atmosphere of Venus | the Venusian atmosphere in 1979, revealed by ultraviolet observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter

He later refined his estimate by examining observations of the transit of Venus of 1769.

Jeremiah Horrocks makes the first observations of the transit of Venus in 1639.

Diagram from David Rittenhouse ’ s observations of the 1769 transit of Venus.

Historically, observations of transits of Venus were crucial in determining the AU ; in the first half of the 20th Century, observations of asteroids were also important.

He also made observations of Saturn and the gaps in its rings ( he was the first to see the narrow division in the rings of Saturn now known as the Keeler Gap after James Keeler ), and unsuccessfully attempted to determine the rotation period of Venus.

He made observations of Mars and attempted to determine the rotation period of Venus.

While at UCLA he carried out research involving observations by the NASA Pioneer Venus Spacecraft.

There was some controversy about Hell's observations of the transit of Venus because he stayed in Norway for eight months, collecting non-astronomical scientific data about the arctic regions for a planned encyclopedia ( which never appeared, in part due to the suppression of the Jesuit order ).