In plotlines mirroring the negative reaction of non-commercial artists to the commercialization of the art form by companies like IBM ( and, later, Sony itself ) the Rakugaki Ōkoku series ( 2003 – 2005 ) for Sony's PlayStation 2 revolves around an anonymous hero and his magically imbued-with-life graffiti creations as they struggle against an evil king who only allows art to be produced which can benefit him.

The 5150 could not itself power hard drives without retrofitting a stronger power supply, but IBM later offered the 5161 Expansion Unit, which not only provided more expansion slots, but also included a 10 MB ( later 20 MB ) hard drive powered by the 5161's own separate 130-watt power supply.

Some of the fastest CPU upgrade modules featured the IBM SLC / DLC family ( notable for its 16 kB L1 cache ), or even the Intel 486 itself.

In addition to CMS, in the early stage especially communication tasks were performed by multitasking VMs ( RSCS, GCS, TCP / IP, UNIX ), and users can run any of the other IBM operating systems, such as MVS, even a new CP itself or now z / OS.

The term is not synonymous with IBM PC compatibility as this implies a multitude of other computer hardware ; embedded systems as well as general-purpose computers used x86 chips before the PC-compatible market started, some of them before the IBM PC itself.

However, following its release, the IBM PC itself was widely imitated, as well as the term.

Over time, IBM damaged its own market by itself failing to appreciate the importance of " IBM compatibility ".

However, IBM itself lost the main role in the market for IBM PC compatibles by 1990.

With CP-67 on the IBM System / 360 Model 67 and Virtual Machine Facility / 370 ( VM / 370 ) on System / 370, IBM introduced the notion of virtual machine, where the operating system itself runs under the control of a hypervisor, instead of being in direct control of the hardware.

In addition, IBM will buy services from the bureau for five years, stay out of the services business itself in the U. S. for six years and reimburse Control Data for $ 15 million in legal fees spent on the case.

The 801 architecture was used in a variety of IBM devices including channel controllers for their S / 370 mainframes, various networking devices, and eventually the IBM 9370 mainframe core itself.

Video Graphics Array ( VGA ) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS / 2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640 × 480 resolution itself.

IBM in the mid-1970s saw itself mainly as a hardware vendor and hence all its innovations in that period aimed to increase hardware sales.

This family of " warehouse appliance-like " systems was given the name IBM Balanced Configuration Unit, or BCU, and is aimed at the warehouse appliance market typified by Netezza and DATAllegro, but it differentiates itself in that it uses the full-featured version of DB2 instead of a single-purpose warehouse-oriented RDBMS.

To applications, PC DOS 2000 reports itself as " IBM PC DOS 7. 00, revision 1 ", in contrast to the original PC DOS 7. 0, which reported itself as revision 0.

However, by this point, a number of other companies — notably Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and even Sun itself — were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own.

In a bid to differentiate itself from other office suites, Kingsoft collaborated with Intel and IBM to integrate their text-to-text and text-to-speech technology into WPS Office Storm.

When it introduced its first personal computer in August 1981, IBM did so to defend itself against the newly popular microcomputer.

The first highly ( or tightly ) pipelined x86 implementations, the 486 designs from Intel, AMD, Cyrix, and IBM, supported every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved maximum efficiency only on a fairly simple x86 subset that was only a little more than a typical RISC instruction set ( i. e. without typical RISC load-store limitations ).

Pfeiffer's vision was to move Compaq beyond its main business of manufacturing retail PCs and into the more lucrative business services and solutions that IBM did well at.

While IBM was a chief proponent of the ASCII standardization committee, they did not have time to prepare ASCII peripherals ( such as card punch machines ) to ship with its System / 360 computers, so the company settled on EBCDIC.

It is compatible with Microsoft / IBM BASICA, but was disk based and did not need the ROM BASIC.

Unlike with Windows 3. 1, IBM did not have access to the source code for Windows 95 and was unwilling to commit the time and resources to emulate the moving target of the Win32 API.

The first operating systems for IBM computers were written by IBM customers who did not wish to have their very expensive machines ($ 2M USD in the mid-1950s ) sitting idle while operators set up jobs manually.

IBM themselves did not offer external floppy drives.

In IBM, from 1984, Barry Appelman's group did TCP / IP development.

Although IBM began indicating shortly after the release of Warp 4 that OS / 2 would eventually be withdrawn, the company did not end support until December 31, 2006.

The term did not become widely known and used, however, until the early 1980s, essentially synonymous with the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market.

Project Athena ( a joint project between Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ), MIT and IBM to provide easy access to computing resources for all students ) needed a platform-independent graphics system to link together its heterogeneous multiple-vendor systems ; the window system then under development in Carnegie Mellon University's Andrew Project did not make licenses available, and no alternatives existed.

As the Tandy 1000 line outlasted the PCjr by many years ( and in fact did not make it to market until shortly before IBM announced the discontinuation of the PCjr ) these graphics and sound standards became known as " Tandy-compatible " or ( for the graphics ) " TGA " ( standing for Tandy Graphics Adapter ) and many software packages of the era listed their support for Tandy standard hardware on the package.

The earlier 1000 / 1000A, 1000 HD, 1000 EX and 1000 HX models, like the IBM PCjr, did not have a DMA controller, but could be upgraded with one.

In the 1970s, however, places like IBM did research and found that many instructions in the set could be eliminated.

IBM did introduce an upgraded bus in the IBM PS / 2 computer that overcame many of the technical limits of the XT / AT bus, but this was rarely used as the basis for IBM compatible computers since it required licence payments to IBM both for the PS / 2 bus and any prior AT-bus designs produced by the company seeking a license.

While NLQ was well received in the IBM PC market, the Apple Macintosh market did not use NLQ mode at all, as it did not rely on the printer's own fonts.

Norris did not take this tactic, dubbed as fear, uncertainty and doubt ( FUD ), lying down, and in an extensive antitrust lawsuit launched against IBM a year later, he eventually won a settlement valued at $ 80 million.

However, IBM did not document the 145's virtual memory capability, nor annotate the relevant bits in the control registers and PSW that were displayed on the operator control panel when selected using the roller switches.

Microsoft did not grant IBM OEM rights for Windows 95 until 15 minutes prior to the release of Windows 95, August 24, 1995.

* Attached Support Processor, one of the two early IBM System / 360 programs that replaces the native SPOOL facilities of OS / 360 ; the other was Houston Automatic Spooling Priority ( HASP ).

The IBM 650, a decimal machine, had one 10 digit accumulator ; the IBM 7070, a later, transistorized decimal machine had three accumulators.

As an example, if one was trying to profit from a price discrepancy between IBM on the NYSE and IBM on the London Stock Exchange, they may purchase a large number of shares on the NYSE and find that they cannot simultaneously sell on the LSE.

This drive was one of several types installed into the IBM PC / XT and extensively advertised and reported as a " 10 MB " ( formatted ) hard disk drive.

Burroughs was one of the eight major United States computer companies ( with IBM, the largest, Honeywell, NCR Corporation, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, RCA and UNIVAC ) through most of the 1960s.

TWA canceled the project in 1970, acquiring one IBM System / 360 Model 75, two IBM System / 360 model 65s, and IBM's PARS software for its reservations system.

So by reducing the number of tracks used and thus capacity, it was possible to further reduce cost-in contrast to Double Density drives used e. g. in IBM PC computers of the day which saved 180 kB on one side ( by using a 40 tracks format ).

By reducing the number of tracks used ( and thus the capacity ), Commodore could further reduce cost-in contrast to the double-density drives used e. g. in IBM PCs of the day which saved 180 KB on one side ( by using a 40-track format ).

While studying physics at the Case Institute of Technology, Knuth was introduced to the IBM 650, one of the early mainframes.

This model has been supported primarily by the IBM IMS DBMS, one of the earliest DBMSs.

Edgar Codd worked at IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their offshoot offices that was primarily involved in the development of hard disk systems.

IBM lead negotiator Jack Sams insisted that he never met Gary, and one IBM colleague has confirmed that Sams said so at the time.

However, about once a week some character spots the fact that HAL is one letter ahead of IBM, and promptly assumes that Stanley and I were taking a crack at the estimable institution ... As it happened, IBM had given us a good deal of help, so we were quite embarrassed by this, and would have changed the name had we spotted the coincidence.

With the Z-machine, Infocom was able to release most of their games for most popular home computers of the day simultaneously — the Apple II family, Atari 800, IBM PC compatibles, Amstrad CPC / PCW ( one disc worked on both machines ), Commodore 64, Commodore Plus / 4, Commodore 128, Kaypro CP / M, Texas Instruments TI-99 / 4A, the Mac, Atari ST, the Commodore Amiga and the Radio Shack TRS-80.

IBM had two model categories: one ( 701, 704, 709, 7090, 7040 ) for engineering and scientific use, and one ( 702, 705, 7080, 7070, 7010 ) for commercial or data processing use.

IBM initially sold its computers without any software, expecting customers to write their own ; programs were manually initiated, one at a time.

IBM enhanced one of GM-NAA I / O's successors, the SHARE Operating System, and provided it to customers under the name IBSYS.