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IRA historian J. Bowyer Bell stated, with respect to the Provisional IRA, that, " There was some support in Belfast, although less than claimed " ( p. 367 ).
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IRA and historian
However, authors such as Ed Moloney, Peter Taylor, Mark Urban and historian Richard English have all named Adams as part of the IRA leadership since the 1970s.
Tim Pat Coogan, the Irish historian, said at the time of the USC, " The B Specials were the rock on which any mass movement by the IRA in the North has inevitably floundered.
The charge was also disputed by historian Ed Moloney who stated that the funds raised by NORAID went to the families of IRA volunteers, while Clan na Gael was the principal financial backer of the Provisional IRA.
IRA and J
* Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army: The IRA ISBN 1-85371-813-0
* J Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army – The IRA, 1997 3rd Edition, ISBN 1-85371-813-0
Although it is reported that his uncle Dominic was a one-time IRA chief of staff, J. Bowyer Bell states in his book, The Secret Army: The IRA 1916 ( Irish Academy Press ), that Dominic Adams was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s.
According to J. Bowyer Bell, in the Secret Army, " With the possible exception of Tom Maguire, who went along, the Dáil members felt that the IRA request gave them the moral recognition so long denied by all factions and that their conditional devolution of power would in turn give the IRA the moral basis for the impending campaign " of 1939 – 45.
IRA Chief of Staff Tony Magan set out to create " a new Army, untarnished by the dissent and scandals of the previous decade ," according to J. Bowyer Bell.
* J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army-the IRA 1997 3rd ed.
J. Bowyer Bell, in The Secret Army, uses the term throughout to refer to the several organizations associated with the IRA in the 1960s and beyond.
IRA and .
* 2001 – The Real IRA detonates a car bomb in Ealing, London, England, United Kingdom injuring seven people.
* 1979 – An IRA bomb explodes on the Grand Place in Brussels.
* 1993 – An IRA bomb devastates the Bishopsgate area of London.
Following the IRA ceasefires between 1994 and 1996 and since 1997, demilitarisation has taken place as part of the peace process, reducing the military presence from 30, 000 to 5, 000 troops.
The Black and Tans acted with the Auxiliaries in the government's attempts to break the IRA.
They soon gained a reputation for brutality, as the RIC campaign against the IRA and Sinn Féin members was stepped up and police reprisals for IRA attacks were condoned by the government.
He was killed during an IRA attack on the RIC barracks in Rathmore, County Kerry, on 11 July 1920.
The Black and Tans were not subject to strict discipline in their early months in Ireland and as a result, their deaths at the hands of the IRA in 1920 were often repaid with arbitrary reprisals against the civilian population.
In November 1920, the Tans " besieged " Tralee in revenge for the IRA abduction and killing of two local RIC men.
However, since 29 December 1920, the British government had sanctioned " official reprisals " in Ireland — usually meaning burning property of IRA men and their suspected sympathisers.
The " Cogadh na Saoirse " medal, awarded since 1941 by the Irish government to IRA veterans of the War of Independence, bears a ribbon with two vertical stripes in black and tan.
Less than a month after his controversial instruction to the unit, Smyth was shot dead by an IRA party led by Dan " Sandow " O ' Donovan.
The Provisional Irish Republican Army's ( IRA ) campaign against the partition of Ireland had begun in the two years prior to Bloody Sunday, but public perceptions of the day boosted the status of, and recruitment into, the organisation enormously.
On 10 August Bombardier Paul Challenor became the first soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA in Derry, when he was shot by a sniper on the Creggan estate.
Provisional IRA activity also increased across Northern Ireland with thirty British soldiers being killed in the remaining months of 1971, in contrast to the ten soldiers killed during the pre-internment period of the year.
Both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA had established " no-go " areas for the British Army and RUC in Derry through the use of barricades.
At a certain point, reports of an IRA sniper operating in the area were allegedly given to the Army command centre.
The official army position, backed by the British Home Secretary the next day in the House of Commons, was that the paratroopers had reacted to gun and nail bomb attacks from suspected IRA members.
March organiser and MP Ivan Cooper had been promised beforehand that no armed IRA men would be near the march.
Later identified as a member of the Official IRA, this man was also photographed in the act of drawing his weapon, but was apparently not seen or targeted by the soldiers.
Evidence given by Martin McGuinness, a senior member of Sinn Féin and now the deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, to the inquiry stated that he was second-in-command of the Derry City brigade of the Provisional IRA and was present at the march.
Paddy Ward claimed he was the leader of the Fianna Éireann, the youth wing of the IRA in January 1972.
He claimed McGuinness, the second-in-command of the IRA in the city at the time, and another anonymous IRA member gave him bomb parts on the morning of 30 January, the date planned for the civil rights march.
IRA and Bell
The delegation included Gerry Adams, Martin McGuinness, Sean Mac Stiofain ( IRA Chief of Staff ), Daithi O ' Conaill, Seamus Twomey, Ivor Bell and Dublin solicitor Myles Shevlin.
IRA and stated
Adams has stated repeatedly that he has never been a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ).
Although the IRA stated that British soldiers had been the target, ten civilians and a Royal Ulster Constabulary officer were killed.
By the time of the 1997 general election Sinn Féin stated that they would prefer a Fianna Fáil led government and the IRA resumed their ceasefire soon after Fine Gael lost the 1997 general election.
* Then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher stated in 1981 that " A crime is a crime is a crime " in reference to the actions of members of the IRA.
Bob Woffinden, a journalist who specialises in miscarriages of justice has stated " Claims of responsibility are made by groups such as the IRA or ETA.
In September 1973 she repeated her call for the banning of the IRA which, she said, was " at open war with Britain ", and in December she stated that " it is the first duty of any government to protect its citizens ".
It was the second occasion on which he had resigned from the party In the press conference announcing his resignation, he stated that he could never accept Sinn Féin in the government of Northern Ireland while the Provisional IRA Army Council remained in existence.
Angry at the failure of the IRA, led in Belfast by Billy McMillen, to defend Catholic areas during this rioting, Cahill and McKee stated in September 1969 that they would no longer be taking orders from the IRA leadership in Dublin, or from McMillen.
Throughout the 1980s, the IRA had been waging a paramilitary campaign against targets in Britain and Northern Ireland with the stated aim of achieving the separation of Northern Ireland from the rest of the United Kingdom.
Early on, Major stated that, " This explosion looks like the work of the IRA.
O ' Callaghan stated that he had risen to leader of Southern Command and a substitute delegate on the IRA Army Council both in print and before a Dublin jury under oath.
In 1998, an Irish court dismissed Murphy's case after a high-profile trial during which Murphy stated that he had: " Never been a member of the IRA, no way " and claimed not to know where the Maze prison was.
The Provisional IRA initially stated that they would not follow suit, but after informal approaches to the British Government they announced a ceasefire from 26 June.
" Blair admitted he had not personally seen the IRA men getting out of their car and opening fire, and stated " I didn't see it and I didn't say I saw it.
In the aftermath of the attack the IRA stated that it had made a mistake and its Fermanagh Brigade was stood down.
An IRA document probably seized in Dublin in a raid on Cronin's flat, on 8 January 1957, stated that the aim of the campaign was to:
In a press release issued that day, drafted by Ruairí Ó Brádaigh who consulted with several other persons including members of the Army Council, the IRA Army Council stated:
Harnden stated that IRA members in South Armagh who talked to him in the late 1990s generally condemned the massacre.
It stated " IRA Headquarters had no knowledge of this attack, nor would it order or countenance such an action ".
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