The Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Constantinople towards the end of 1332, mentions in his memoirs having met Andronikos III.

* 1304 – Ibn Battuta, Arabian explorer ( d. c. 1368 )

Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta left vivid descriptions of the empire.

(, ), or simply Ibn Battuta (), also known as Shams ad-Din ( February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369 ), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla ( lit.

Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.

Ibn Battuta was born into a Berber family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty.

In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his hometown on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would take sixteen months.

For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a caravan to reduce the risk of an attack by wandering Arab Bedouin.

In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over, Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of Alexandria, then part of the Bahri Mamluk empire.

Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-travelled, which involved a journey up the Nile valley, then east to the Red Sea port of Aydhab, Upon approaching the town however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.

Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled Damascus.

Rather than return home, Ibn Battuta instead decided to continue on, choosing as his next destination the Ilkhanate, a Mongol Khanate, to the northeast.

An interactive display about Ibn Battuta in Ibn Battuta Mall in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large caravan of pilgrims returning to Iraq across the Arabian Peninsula.

Then, instead of continuing on to Baghdad with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into Persia.

Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the Silk Road to Tabriz, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.

Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time ( the Rihla suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330 ).

Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting Sana ' a, but whether he actually did so is doubtful.

From Aden, Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for Zeila on the coast of Somalia.

Ibn Battuta described it as " an exceedingly large city " with many rich merchants, noted for its high quality fabric that was exported to other countries including Egypt.

After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of Kilwa in present day Tanzania, which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade.

In the autumn of 1351, Ibn Battuta left Fes and made his way to the town of Sijilmasa on the northern edge of the Sahara in present-day Morocco.

From left to right: Top row-Archimedes, Aristotle, Alhazen | Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ; Second row-Isaac Newton, James Hutton, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel ; Third row-Louis Pasteur, James Clerk Maxwell, Henri Poincaré, Sigmund Freud, Nikola Tesla, Max Planck ; Fourth row-Ernest Rutherford, Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Enrico Fermi ; Bottom row-J. Robert Oppenheimer, Alan Turing, Richard Feynman, E. O. Wilson, Jane Goodall, Stephen Hawking

They left after 13 days, following a resistance led by Alah Ibn Hazm and the city's inhabitants.

In 1228, with the departure of the Almohad prince, Idris, who left Iberia to take the Almohad leadership, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar established the longest lasting Muslim dynasty on the Iberian peninsula-the Nasrids.

* Timeline of medicine and medical technology: Ibn Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and describes the lesser circulation of blood.

* 1242 – Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation

Ibn Kaspi was a fierce advocate of Maimonides to such an extent that he left for Egypt in 1314 in order to hear explanations on the latter's Guide of the Perplexed from Maimonides ' grandchildren.

The third Sultan, Abū Yūsuf Ya ’ qūb al Manṣūr offered him a job but Ibn ‘ Arabī refused both the job and an offer to marry off his sisters and within days he left Seville heading toward Fes, where they settled.

Having left behind all the traces of his past, Ibn ‘ Arabī began his long journey to the East from Marrakesh where he had a marvelous vision of the Divine Throne.

He left value-oriented commentaries on the works of Ibn ‘ Arabī notably Mashāhid al-Asrār, Kitāb al-Isrā ’ and the Kitāb al-Tajalliyāt.

After Ḥajj Ibn ‘ Arabī left Mecca, travelling north towards the Roman lands, probably Konya or Malatya and in the year 610 / 611 he returned to Aleppo.

The actual reason for this practice, i. e. sadl, being the dominant position in the school was when Saḥnūn asked Ibn Qāsim about the hadith of placing the right hand over the left mentioned in the Muwaṭṭah, Ibn Qāsim quoted Imam Mālik as saying, " I do not know of this practice ( i. e. qabḍ ) in the obligatory prayer ( i. e., I did not see the people of Medina practicing this ), however it is allowed in the supererogatory prayers if the standing has been prolonged ".

It is related that Prophet Solomon climbed this mountain and looked out over the land of South Asia, which was then covered with darkness, but he turned back without descending into this new frontier, and left only the mountain which is named after him ( from Ibn Battuta ).

The child is eventually born and left at an orphanage ( eventually taking the name Ibn al Xu ' ffasch ).

Ibn Dir ' is said to have been a relative of Mani ' Al-Mraydi, and Mani's clan is believed to have left the area of Wadi Hanifa at some unknown date and were merely returning to their country of origin.

They were studied by Islamic and Jewish scholars, including Rabbi Moses Maimonides ( 1135 – 1204 ) and the Muslim Judge Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes ( 1126 – 1198 ); both were originally from Cordoba, Spain, although the former left Iberia and by 1168 lived in Egypt.

One exception is Ibn Selim el-Aswani, an Egyptian diplomat who traveled to Dongola when Makuria was at the height of its power in the 10th century, and left a detailed account.

The child is left at an orphanage ; he is adopted and given the name Ibn al Xu ' ffasch which is Arabic for ' son of the bat '.

In 1292, Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his Vizier Ibn al-Salus arrived to Damascus and left – via Aleppo – to besiege the castle of Qal ' at ar-Rum ( Hromgla in Armenian ).

To prevent the ruse from being revealed, it is said Ibn Thumart left them buried there, filling their straws so they would suffocate.

During this period of his life his a number of al-Ash ' ari's students went on to propagate this theology under the newly founded Ash ' ari school of early Islamic philosophy and Kalam, however al-Ash ' ari himself is said to have left his stances in theology for a more textualist approach ( see Athari ) as according to Ibn Katheer, Nu ' maan al-Aloosi, Muhibb ud-Deen al-Khateeb, Imaam adh-Dhahabee in his " Siyar " and based on what is understood from al-Ash ' aris final book " al-Ibaanah ".

Yusuf Ya ' qub al-Mansur gave to his vizier, Abu Yahya ibn Abi Hafs, command of a very strong vanguard: on the first line the Bani Marin volunteers under Abu Jalil Mahyu ibn Abi Bakr, with a big body of archers and the Zenata Tribe ; behind them, in the hill itself, the vizier with the Amir's banner and his personal guard, from the Hintata tribe ; to the left the Arab host under Yarmun ibn Riyah ; and to the right, the al-Andalus forces under the popular Caid Ibn Sanadid.