The Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Constantinople towards the end of 1332, mentions in his memoirs having met Andronikos III.

Later envoys included Odoric of Pordenone, Giovanni de ' Marignolli, John of Montecorvino, Niccolò de ' Conti, or Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan Muslim traveller, who passed through the present-day Middle East and across the Silk Road from Tabriz, between 1325 – 1354.

The popular Muslim attitude towards Baldwin was recorded by the traveller Ibn Jubair, who wrote that he was called al-khinzir (" the pig ", regarded as an unclean animal ), and his mother Agnes al-khinzira (" the sow ").

The 14th century Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta reported that " the rampart of Yajuj and Majuj " was " sixty days ' travel " from the city of Zeitun ; the translator notes that Ibn Battuta has confused the Great Wall of China with that built by Dhul-Qarnayn.

Note that south is at the top of the map. Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply Al Idrisi (; ) ( 1099 – 1165 or 1166 ) was a Muslim geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist and traveller who lived in Sicily, at the court of King Roger II.

The Muslim traveller Ibn Jubair, who called Baldwin IV al-khinzir (" the pig "), called Agnes al-khinzira (" the sow ").

It was during Gajah Mada's reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta visited Sumatera.

In the early 19th century, the British traveller J. Buckingham noted that all the inhabitants of Saffuriya were Muslim, and that the house of St. Anna had been completely demolished.

The 12th century Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta was surprised to when he discovered that the Mappila communities nearCalicut were the followers of Imam Shafi ' i while the rest of the Indian Muslims were not.

The Arab traveller Ibn Battuta who was in the region in the 14th century was impressed by the class of Muslim traders that had emerged in Aksaray and noted the urban centre as a beautiful city, surrounded by waterways and gardens, with a water supply coming right to the houses of the city.

According to one account by the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Siti Wan Kembang in 1345, he was enchanted by her " fair complexion " and " appearance of a Turkish princess ".

Elteber is known to have met the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Fadlan and requested assistance from the Abbasids of Baghdad.

Its population as per the last census was 5667 and at present time its above 8000, all of the inhabitants are of Muslim, religion which is said to have been brought by Arab traveller Ibn Batuta.

The Pakpattan owes its sanctity and modern name, ' the holy ferry ', to the shrine of the great Muslim Sufi Fariduddin Ganjshakar Shaikh-ul-Islam, Farid-ul-Hakkwa-ud-Din, Shakar Ganj ( 1173 – 1265 ) which was visited by old great traveller and historian Ibn Batuta in 1334.

Bukhari, known as Makhdum Jahaniyan Jahangasht, the world traveller, was a puritan who strongly objected to Hindu influence on Muslim social and religious practices.

Muslim traveller Ibn Jubayr described the mosque as containing many different zawaya for religious and Quranic studies.

Biruni's tradition of comparative cross-cultural study continued in the Muslim world through to Ibn Khaldun's work in the fourteenth century.

Ibn al-Athir ( 1166 – 1234 ) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.

Works from the medieval Muslim world included Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī's ( 828 – 896 ) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils.

The Moroccan Muslim explorer Ibn Batutta reported that one African king advised him that nearby people were cannibals ( though this may have been a prank played on Ibn Batutta by the king to fluster his guest ).

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

" Ibn Khaldun ( 1332-1406 ) was a famous Arab Muslim historian who engaged in historiography philosophy of history.

Therefore, many Muslim scholars, both classical ( Ibn Ishaq ) and modern ( Reza Aslan ), speak of Hosea as one of the true Hebrew prophets of Israel.

Some Muslim scholars, such as Ibn Kathir and Kisa ' i, reproduced Jewish traditions, transmitted through early Jewish converts to Islam, regarding Isaiah.

(, ), or simply Ibn Battuta (), also known as Shams ad-Din ( February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369 ), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla ( lit.

After spending another year in Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Muslim Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq.

In the year 1346 Ibn Battuta travelled on to Sumatra where he notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudera Pasai was a Muslim, who performed his religious duties in utmost zeal.

The madh ' hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi ‘ i, with similar customs as he had seen in coastal India especially among the Mappila Muslim, who were also the followers of Imam Al-Shafi ‘ i. Ibn Battuta then sailed to Malacca, Vietnam, the Philippines and finally Quanzhou in Fujian province, China.

Although Ibn Battuta never mentioned this visit specifically, when he heard the story it may have planted a seed in his mind as he then decided to cross the Sahara and visit the Muslim kingdoms on its far side.

Western Orientalists do not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places he described and argue that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world, he relied on hearsay evidence and made use of accounts by earlier travellers.

Ibn Battuta often experienced culture shock in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background.

For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.

According to the Muslim Jurist Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, the quote in which Muhammad is reported to have said that greater Jihad is the inner struggle, is from an unreliable source:

Ibn al-Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources ; it contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books about the doctrines of other religions.

In defining Muslim, the mystic Ibn Arabi said:

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa

* Ibn Battuta, Berber Muslim traveler ( 1304 – 1368 / 1377 )

* Ibn Battuta, the Muslim 14th century traveler, spent time in Samarkand in the 1330s

Cloves were traded by Muslim sailors and merchants during the Middle Ages in the profitable Indian Ocean trade, the Clove trade is also mentioned by Ibn Battuta and even famous One Thousand and One Nights characters such Sinbad the Sailor is known to have bought and sold Cloves.

The Sahara was traversed by mostly Muslim traders, natives and pilgrims, of which the best known is Ibn Battuta.

The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta.

Jebel Musa, named, according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta, to honour Musa bin Nusayr, to whom the conqueror of Andalusia Tariq ibn Ziyad owed fealty, was known to the ancient Greeks as Mount Abyla or to Romans as Columna.

But there are also travel reports, such as that of Ibn Battuta, and early Portuguese accounts that claimed Patani had an established Muslim community even prior to Melaka ( which officially converted in 1413 ), which would suggest that non-courtiers, probably merchants who made contact with other emerging Muslims centers of the time, were the first to convert to the region.

For example, the Muslim explorer Ibn Battuta ( 1304 – 1369 AD ) traveled to China on order of the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq and he comments in his travel log that " Between it city of Quanzhou | Zaitun in Fujian and the rampart of Yajuj and Majuj and Magog is sixty days ' travel.

The Muslim Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta used this route in 1352 on his way to the city of Mali, the capital of the Mali Empire.

Indeed, ibn Battuta is believed to have traveled with the Muslim traders who traveled to the Orient on routes similar to those used by the Radhanites.