* 1937 – Chinese Air Force Day: The beginning of air-to-air combat of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II in general, when 6 Imperial Japanese Mitsubishi G3M bombers are shot down by the Nationalist Chinese Air Force while raiding Chinese air bases.

During the Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 – 1945 ) and World War II ( 1939 – 1945 ), the Special Research Units of the Imperial Japanese Army, such as Unit 731, conducted human experimentation on thousands of Chinese, among others.

The Chinese Imperial examination system seems to have been started in 165 BC, when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor.

Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy until the end of Imperial rule during the Xinhai Revolution.

He then left for the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko ( 東京振武學校 ), an Imperial Japanese Army Academy Preparatory School for Chinese students, in 1907.

This theory also claims there can be only one rightful sovereign ruling all under heaven at a time but throughout Chinese history there have been many contentious and long periods of disunity where the question of legitimacy is moot ; see also Imperial Seal of China.

Imperial China produced only one reigning empress, Wu Zetian, and she used the same Chinese title as an emperor ( Huangdi, 皇帝 ).

Many later Marxist theorists ( e. g. Eric Wolfe ) have generalized this characterization to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with Imperial Chinese and pre-Columbian Incan societies as ' tributary.

However, his restaurant " Chinois on Main " was named after the term attributed to Richard Wing, who in the 1960s combined French and Chinese cooking at the former Imperial Dynasty restaurant in Hanford, California.

* 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore.

During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.

The Qin Dynasty ( Chinese: 秦朝 ; pinyin: Qín Cháo ) was the first ruling dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.

Despite a 1995 apology regarding World War II by Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, tensions still remain, mostly because many Chinese feel there is a lack of true remorse for wartime crimes committed by Imperial Japanese forces.

* 1900 – Boxer Rebellion: The Imperial Chinese Army begins a 55-day siege of the Legation Quarter in Beijing, China.

In this matter, the Chinese have contemptuously inflicted every sort of awful outrage upon Imperial Japan ….

Imperial Japan has at long last exhausted its patience and is now compelled to take resolute action to punish the atrocious Chinese army and to bring the Nanking government to its senses.

In December, Imperial General Headquarters, a structure completely autonomous from the elected government, ordered its forces in China to drive toward Nanking, the Chinese capital.

In Imperial Chinese protocol, the kowtow was performed before the Emperor of China.

The Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou.

The Chinese Imperial examination system seem started in 165 BC, when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor.

Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.

Historians often refer to the period from Qin Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty as Imperial China.

* Mote, Frederick W. Imperial China, 900 – 1800 Harvard University Press, 1999, 1, 136 pages, the authoritative treatment of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties ;

* Rawski, Evelyn S. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions ( 2001 ) complete text online free

* 1911 – The Wuchang Uprising leads to the demise of Qing Dynasty, the last Imperial court in China, and the founding of the Republic of China.

There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing Dynasty.

* Rawski, Evelyn S. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.

* Rawski, Evelyn S. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions ( 2001 )

Several western sources reported that the Qing dynasty Imperial Chinese military under the direction of Li Hongzhang acquired " Electric torpedoes ", which were deployed in numerous waterways along with fortresses and numerous other modern military weapons acquired by China.

During the Russian Civil War, the Soviet Red Army troops took Tuva in January 1920, which was also part of the Qing Empire of China and a protectorate of Imperial Russia.

In the 19th century, Imperial Russia was most interested in the northern lands of the Qing Empire.

In fact, the vast majority of female rulers throughout Chinese Imperial history came to power by ruling as regents on behalf of their sons ; prominent examples include the Empress Lü of the Han Dynasty, as well as Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci ' an of the Qing Dynasty, who for a time ruled jointly as co-regents.

In the first decades of the 18th century, the language difference between the Chinese Qing imperial bureaucrats and the commoners was recorded by the first Imperial High Commissioner to Taiwan ( 1722 ), Huáng Shújǐng, a Beijinger sent by the Kangxi Emperor, during whose reign Taiwan was annexed in 1684:

Yuan took the side of the pro foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with Prince Qing, Li Hongzhang and Ronglu, he refused to side with the Boxers and attack the Eight Nation Alliance forces, joining with other Chinese governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like Zhang Zhidong not participating in the Boxer Rebellion.

The court requested Yuan's return on 27 October, but he repeatedly declined offers from the Qing Court for his return, first as the Viceroy of Huguang, and then as Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet.

Prince Qing, Ronglu, and Li Hongzhang made up the pro foreign faction at the Imperial Court.

At the peace conference between Imperial Japan and Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang and Li Jingfang, the ambassadors at the negotiation desk of Qing Dynasty, originally did not plan to split Taiwan away from the Mainland because they also realised Taiwan ’ s great location for trading with the West.

However, Imperial Japan was too strong for the Qing Dynasty to cope with, and eventually Li gave Taiwan up.

On 17 April 1895, the peace treaty between Imperial Japan and the Qing Dynasty had been signed.

This had a huge impact on Taiwan, the turning over of the island to Imperial Japan marking the end of 200 years of Qing control despite an attempt to avoid annexation by Qing loyalists.

The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the " Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ",

The defeat of the Imperial army by a relatively small Anglo-French military force ( outnumbered at least 10 to 1 by the Qing army ) coupled with the flight ( and subsequent death ) of the Emperor and the burning of the Summer Palace was a shocking blow to the once powerful Qing Dynasty.

* In 2006, a single Imperial Qing Dynasty porcelain bowl, another item which belonged to Barbara Hutton, was auctioned by Christie's Hong Kong for a price of $ 22, 240, 000.