* 1937 – Chinese Air Force Day: The beginning of air-to-air combat of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II in general, when 6 Imperial Japanese Mitsubishi G3M bombers are shot down by the Nationalist Chinese Air Force while raiding Chinese air bases.

During the Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 – 1945 ) and World War II ( 1939 – 1945 ), the Special Research Units of the Imperial Japanese Army, such as Unit 731, conducted human experimentation on thousands of Chinese, among others.

Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy until the end of Imperial rule during the Xinhai Revolution.

He then left for the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko ( 東京振武學校 ), an Imperial Japanese Army Academy Preparatory School for Chinese students, in 1907.

This theory also claims there can be only one rightful sovereign ruling all under heaven at a time but throughout Chinese history there have been many contentious and long periods of disunity where the question of legitimacy is moot ; see also Imperial Seal of China.

Imperial China produced only one reigning empress, Wu Zetian, and she used the same Chinese title as an emperor ( Huangdi, 皇帝 ).

Many later Marxist theorists ( e. g. Eric Wolfe ) have generalized this characterization to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with Imperial Chinese and pre-Columbian Incan societies as ' tributary.

However, his restaurant " Chinois on Main " was named after the term attributed to Richard Wing, who in the 1960s combined French and Chinese cooking at the former Imperial Dynasty restaurant in Hanford, California.

* 1942 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore.

During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.

The Qin Dynasty ( Chinese: 秦朝 ; pinyin: Qín Cháo ) was the first ruling dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.

Despite a 1995 apology regarding World War II by Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, tensions still remain, mostly because many Chinese feel there is a lack of true remorse for wartime crimes committed by Imperial Japanese forces.

* 1900 – Boxer Rebellion: The Imperial Chinese Army begins a 55-day siege of the Legation Quarter in Beijing, China.

In this matter, the Chinese have contemptuously inflicted every sort of awful outrage upon Imperial Japan ….

Imperial Japan has at long last exhausted its patience and is now compelled to take resolute action to punish the atrocious Chinese army and to bring the Nanking government to its senses.

In December, Imperial General Headquarters, a structure completely autonomous from the elected government, ordered its forces in China to drive toward Nanking, the Chinese capital.

In Imperial Chinese protocol, the kowtow was performed before the Emperor of China.

The Chinese Imperial Government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese envoys after torturing them in Guangzhou.

The Chinese Imperial examination system seem started in 165 BC, when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor.

Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.

Classes within Chinese society were not closed, and imperial China had not been aristocratic since the third century BCE because of " the meritocratic line in Confucian thinking would eventually find realization under the empire in the remarkable Chinese civil service examination.

* 1069 – 1076: with the support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of the Chinese Song Dynasty introduces the ' New Policies ', including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine, reforming the land survey system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.

* The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new jinshi degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office ; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.

The civil service, based on examination similar to the Chinese system, was advocated by a number of Englishmen over the next several decades.

One student named Abe no Nakamaro passed the Chinese civil examination to be appointed to governmental posts in China.

Her yellow blouse was originally thought to be made of wild " tussah " silk but closer examination of the fibers indicate the material is not Chinese but was a wild silk which came from somewhere else, perhaps India.

The Confucian works in particular have been of key importance to Chinese culture and history, as a set of works known as the Four Books and Five Classics were, in the 12th century CE, chosen as the basis for the Imperial examination for any government post.

These four texts soon became the initial basis of study in the Chinese imperial examination system.

* Memorization-Due to the service examination system which involved the memorization and recitation of Confucian Texts, including the Great Learning, memorization remains a key element in Chinese learning.

The Great Learning played a major role in Chinese politics as is comprised one of the texts incorporated into the Imperial service examination system.

The Chinese imperial examination system had extensive influence throughout East Asia.

Japan also used the Chinese imperial examination system as a model in the Heian period ; however, the influence affected only the minor nobility and was replaced by the hereditary system during the Samurai era.

The Chinese imperial examination system had important influences on the Northcote-Trevelyan Report and hence on the reform of the Civil Service in British India and later in the United Kingdom.

The imperial examination system has been argued to be an important cause of the Great Divergence, in which China's scientific and economic development diverged from Europe, since the imperial examination system is argued to have removed the incentives for Chinese intellectuals to learn mathematics or to conduct experimentation.

Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a place holder.

While Zhuyin is not used as a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a romanization system — that is, for aiding in pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.

When the Ming Dynasty Chinese astronomer Xu Guangqi adapted the European southern hemisphere constellations to the Chinese system in The Southern Asterisms, he combined Apus with some of the stars in Octans to form the " Exotic Bird " ( 異雀, Yìquè ).

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

Parallels to the earliest Babylonian ( Sumerian ) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently from that of the Ancient Near East.

* Written Chinese, the writing system of China

Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians like William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.

This turn of events marked China's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open market environment, a system termed by some as " market socialism ", and officially by the Communist Party of China as " Socialism with Chinese characteristics ".

The more familiar indigenous system are Chinese characters that correspond to numerals in the spoken language.

Most people and institutions in China primarily use the Indian ( Arabic ) system for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used mainly in some formal or ceremonial occasions such as on printed money.

The Chinese character numeral system consists of the Chinese characters used by the Chinese written language to write spoken numerals.

Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius ( 孔夫子 Kǒng Fūzǐ, or K ' ung-fu-tzu, lit.

The idea of Filial piety influenced the Chinese legal system: a criminal would be punished more harshly if the culprit had committed the crime against a parent, while fathers often exercised enormous power over their children.

It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century.

Various Chinese dialects complicate the system.

While the phonetic system is easy to learn, choosing appropriate Chinese characters slows typing speed.