Over the course of his reign a combination of higher taxes, unsuccessful wars and conflict with the Pope had made King John unpopular with his barons, and in 1215 some of the most important decided to rebel against him.

Pope Saint Celestine V ( 1215 – 19 May 1296 ), born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario, Angelieri, Angelliero, or Angeleri ), also known as Pietro da Morrone, was elected Pope in the year 1294 in the last non-conclave papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church.

Though the process met some resistance, by 1215 the practice had become established as the norm, with the Fourth Lateran Council establishing a canonical statute requiring confession at a minimum of once per year.

This copy came to Salisbury because Elias of Dereham, who was present at Runnymede in 1215, was given the task of distributing some of the original copies.

The original Catholic Canon law on the subject, intended to prevent clandestine marriages, was decreed in Canon 51 of the Lateran IV Council in 1215 ; until then, the public announce in church of marriages to be contracted was only done in some areas.

The Fourth Lateran Council ( 1215 ) suppressed some abuses connected with indulgences, spelling out, for example, that only a one-year indulgence would be granted for the consecration of churches and no more than a 40-days indulgence for other occasions.

William of Moerbeke ( c. 1215 – 1286 ) undertook a complete translation of the works of Aristotle or, for some portions, a revision of existing translations.

When King John besieged the castle ( 1215 ) some manuscripts were lost, as were more in 1264 when Simon de Montfort occupied the city.

* The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215: The Barons named in the Magna Charta, 1215 and some of their descendants who settled in America during the early colonial years ( 5th ed., 1999 ) by Frederick Lewis Weis and William Ryland Beall

The statues on the Western ( Royal ) Portal at Chartres Cathedral ( c. 1145 ) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation, but those on the south transcept portal, from 1215 – 20, show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind, and some awareness of the classical tradition.

Initially worn by choice, its wearing was enforced in some places in Europe after 1215 for adult male Jews to wear while outside a ghetto in order to distinguish Jews from others.

The Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress ( Latin " habitus "), the rationale given being: " In some provinces the dress of Jews and Saracens distinguishes them from Christians, but in others a degree of confusion has arisen, so that they cannot be recognised by any distinguishing marks.

In 1215 he is recorded as abbot of Łekno Abbey near Gniezno in Greater Poland, most but not all authors identify him with Godfrey of Łękno.

Interpretations of Magna Carta and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been significantly revised: although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, in the context of John's reign most historians now consider it a failed peace agreement between " partisan " factions.

The later versions excluded the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority that had been present in the 1215 charter.

The ruler of Tālava, Tālivaldis ( Talibaldus de Tolowa ), became the most loyal ally of German crusaders against the Estonians, and he died a Catholic martyr in 1215.

Scattered across 800 years, the British constitution consists of many documents — such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ), the Great Reform Bill ( 1832 ), and the Parliament Act ( 1911 )— and, most important for the evolution of the office of Prime Minister, customs known as conventions that became accepted practice.

On 15 November 1215 Innocent opened the Fourth Lateran Council, considered the most important church council of the Middle Ages.

The south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch had been completed and the western rose installed.

* By the Late Middle Ages most European crossbows employed a windlass as a cocking mechanism, which helped to pull heavier crossbows, but were used in England as early as 1215.

Some of the most pertinent Roman Catholic expressions of this doctrine are: the profession of faith of Pope Innocent III ( 1208 ), the profession of faith of the Fourth Lateran Council ( 1215 ), the bull Unam sanctam of Pope Boniface VIII ( 1302 ), and the profession of faith of the Council of Florence ( 1442 ).

Like most chronicles, it is now valued not so much for what was culled from previous writers, as for its full and lively narrative of contemporary events from 1215 to 1235, including the signing of Magna Carta by King John at Runnymede.

The most famous dukes were Mestwin I ( 1207 – 1220 ), Swantopolk II ( 1215 – 1266 ), and Mestwin II ( 1271 – 1294 ).

This was because in 1215 King John gave to Archbishop Henry of London, one of his most trusted administrators, the right to appoint the dean of Penkridge.

Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane, the generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks.

Though there are inscriptions dating to the 1160s, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane ( of the Zakarid-Mkhargrzeli family ), the generals of Queen Tamar of Georgia, who took back most of Armenia from the Turks.

The water-meadow at Runnymede is the most likely location at which, in 1215, King John sealed the Magna Carta.

By 1219 however Donnchadh and his nephew appear to have lost all or most of his Irish land ; a document of that year related that the Justiciar of Ireland, Geoffrey de Marisco, had dispossessed (" disseised ") them believing they had conspired against the king in the rebellion of 1215 – 6.

In 1100, Robert Bigod was one of the King's witnesses recorded on the Charter of Liberties, an important precursor to the Magna Carta of 1215.

Archbishop Wichmann ( 1152 – 92 ) was more important as a sovereign and prince of the Holy Roman Empire than as a bishop ; Albrecht II ( 1205 – 32 ) quarrelled with Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg ( 1198 – 1215 ), because he had pronounced the pope's ban against the latter and this war greatly damaged the archbishopric.

The town was the site of a important meeting between the barons and representatives of the King in 1215, the year of Magna Carta.

Built after 1215 during the reign of Henry III by Hubert de Burgh, the castle was surrounded by parkland and had an important economic, as well as defensive role.

In reality the laws probably reflect the practise of neither the 12th or the 13th century, as they were written from scratch in the 13th and were consciously designed to harken back to the less-troubled days of the 12th century, despite the important legal changes that had occurred in the meantime ( trial by ordeal, for example, was outlawed in the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 ).

Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions.

An original version of Magna Carta, agreed by John and the barons in 1215

* 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.

In January 1215, the barons made an oath that they would " stand fast for the liberty of the church and the realm ", and they demanded that King John confirm the Charter of Liberties, from what they viewed as a golden age.

In return, the barons renewed their oaths of fealty to King John on 19 June 1215, which is when the document Magna Carta was created.

The barons assembled there before they met King John at Runnymede in 1215, and Stephen Langton held a consecration there shortly after the issue of Magna Carta.

He allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.

Llywelyn made an alliance with Philip II Augustus of France, then allied himself with the barons who were in rebellion against John, marching on Shrewsbury and capturing it without resistance in 1215.

Despite their differences, William remained loyal throughout the hostilities between John and his barons which culminated on 15 June 1215 at Runnymede with the sealing of Magna Carta.

In 1215, the English barons rebelled in the First Barons ' War against the unpopular King John of England ( 1199 – 1216 ).

" Within a century of the Norman Conquest of 1066, as in the case of Thomas Becket in 1164, there arose the practice of sending to each greater baron a personal summons demanding his attendance at the King's Council, which evolved into the Parliament and later into the House of Lords, whilst as was stipulated in Magna Carta of 1215, the lesser barons of each county would receive a single summons as a group through the sheriff, and representatives only from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group.

The First Barons ' War began in 1215 between King John and a faction of rebel barons opposed to his rule.

The discontent of barons with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed " reliefs " and other feudal payments under Henry's son King John resulted in Magna Carta of 1215.

The irritation caused by these exactions reached a climax in 1214, when John demanded three marcs, and this became a prominent cause among the many causes that led the barons to insist on the Great Charter ( 1215 ).

When civil war broke out in England in 1215, he supported the rebel barons and ferried Prince Louis of France across the Channel to help them in 1216.

In 1215 Gilbert and his father were two of the barons made Magna Carta sureties and championed Louis " le Dauphin " of France in the First Barons ' War, fighting at Lincoln under the baronial banner.

He allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign Magna Carta in 1215.

In January 1215 William Marshall ( who is buried in the nave next to his sons, under one of the 9 marble effigies of medieval knights there ) served as a negotiator during a meeting in the Temple between King John and the barons, who demanded that John uphold the rights enshrined in the Coronation Charter of his predecessor Richard I. William swore on behalf of the king that the grievances of the barons would be addressed in the summer, leading to John's signing of Magna Carta in June.

The castle was first mentioned in 1184 and was recorded in 1215 as belonging to the barons of Manchester, the Grelley family.

The tensions between John and barons finally began to spill over into war in 1215, and Prince Louis of France led an invasion to England and claimed English throne, as his consort Blanche was a maternal granddaughter of Henry II, whilst the Pope argued Eleanor had a better claim than his. When the Magna Carta was issued that year, it was demanded that all hostages held by John including Scottish princesses and Welsh be released, however, it had nothing to do with Eleanor, a proof that the rights of the females was somehow overlooked.