Isabella and Ferdinand authorized the 1492 expedition of Christopher Columbus, who became the first known European to reach the New World since Leif Ericson.

* 1492 – Ferdinand and Isabella The Catholic Monarchs enter Granada, completing the Reconquista.

For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492.

Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista with a war against the Emirate of Granada that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's complete annexation in early 1492.

Across the square is the Pazo de Raxoi ( Raxoi's Palace ), the town hall and seat of the Galician Xunta, and on the right from the cathedral steps is the Hostal dos Reis Católicos, founded in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as a pilgrims ' hospice ( now a parador ).

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Ferdinand II and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos (' The Catholic Monarchs '), after the last battle of the Granada War.

On January 2, 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in Granada surrendered to armies of a recently united Christian Spain ( after the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs ).

Although considered an excellent navigator, Columbus wrecked the Santa María during the initial voyage of 1492, the flagship of his fleet ; he proved a poor administrator and was stripped of the governorship in 1500 ; he was jailed for six weeks upon returning to Spain ; yet Ferdinand and Isabel financed his fourth voyage to the New World, but denied him the governorship of the land.

Richard Armour's book It All Started With Columbus ( 1953, revised 1961 ) treats the history of the United States, from 1492 to the JFK presidency, in a manner that owes a great deal to Sellar and Yeatman (" Ferdinand and Isabella refused to believe the world was round, even when Columbus showed them an egg ").

The Ottomans had a benevolent attitude towards the Jews, having welcomed thousands of Jewish refugees who had recently been expelled from Spain by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1492.

In 1502, violating the 1492 peace treaty Ferdinand II of Aragon forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert to Catholicism or be expelled.

The Jewish population was expelled by Queen Isabella and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1492, but many remains of the Jewish presence of the period can still be seen today in the Barrio San Antonio.

Ferdinand and Isabella had expelled the Jews in 1492, and would never marry their daughter to the king of a country that still tolerated their presence.

* Isabella I of Castile ( 1451 – 1504, " Queen Isabella of Spain "), queen regnant ; also queen consort of Ferdinand II of Aragon with whom she financed Christopher Columbus ' 1492 voyage to America

** Giuliano Dati – Lettera delle isole novamente trovata, a translation into verse of a letter from Christopher Columbus to Ferdinand of Spain, regarding Columbus ' first exploratory voyage across the Atlantic in 1492

Following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, and of the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes between these areas under the control of the Crown of Castile ( modern-day Spain ).

In March 1492, Ferdinand issued the Edict of Alhambra, a document which ordered all Jews to either convert to Christianity or leave the country.

From 1502, violating the 1492 peace treaty, Ferdinand and later Phillip II forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert or be expelled.

; 1492: Ferdinand II and Isabella I issued the Alhambra decree, General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain ( approx.

In the same spirit, in 1492 he had sung the praises of Ferdinand II of Aragon, for having conquered the Moors and unified Spain.

Finally, on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, who along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon were known as the " Catholic Monarchs.

In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella ordered segregation of communities to create closed quarters which eventually became what were later called " ghettos ".

Later in 1492, Ferdinand issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon, to invite them back to Spain if and only if they had become Christians.

Lustiger's opposition was due to the fact that Isabella and her husband Ferdinand of Aragon had expelled Jews from her domains in 1492.

Bayezid II was born in Dimetoka Palace ( now Didymoteicho ) in Thrace as the son of Mehmed II ( 1432 – 81 ) and Valide Sultan Mükrime Hatun, the daughter of Süleyman Bey, the sixth ruler of Dulkadirids, who died in 1492.

* 1549 – Marguerite of Navarre, wife of Henry II of Navarre ( b. 1492 )

Following the death of Lorenzo de ' Medici in 1492, he was succeeded by his son Piero II.

< imagemap > File: 2nd millennium montage. png | From left, clockwise: In 1492, Christopher Columbus ; The American Revolution ; The French Revolution ; The Atomic Bomb from World War II ; An alternate source of light, the Light Bulb ; For the first time, a human being sets foot on the moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 moon mission ; Aeroplanes become the most-used way of transport though the skies ; Napoleon Bonaparte, in the early 19th century, affects France and Europe on subjects of expansionism and modernization ; Alexander Graham Bell's telephone ; In 1348, the Black Death kills over 100 million people worldwide, and over half of Europe, in two years.

* May 4 – Lorenzo II de ' Medici, Duke of Urbino ( b. 1492 )

* December 21 – Marguerite de Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre ( b. 1492 )

In 1492, John II dispatched Vasco da Gama on a mission to the port of Setúbal and to the Algarve to seize French ships in retaliation for peacetime depredations against Portuguese shipping-a task that da Gama rapidly and effectively performed.

## Marguerite of Navarre ( 1492 – 1549 ); Queen consort of King Henry II of Navarre

* Marguerite de Navarre ( 1492 – 1549 ), wife of Henry II of Navarre

; 1492: Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire issued a formal invitation to the Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal and sent out ships to safely bring Jews to his empire.

Whatever the Constantinople relic was, it did fall into the hands of the Turks, and in 1492, under circumstances minutely described in Pastor's History of the Popes, the Sultan Bayezid II sent it to Pope Innocent VIII to encourage the pope to continue to keep his brother and rival Zizim ( Cem Sultan ) prisoner.

* Lorenzo II de ' Medici ( 1492 – 1519 ), his grandson, the Duke of Urbino, to whom Machiavelli dedicated The Prince

The dynastic union of the crowns of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon in 1492 is seen frequently as the starting pont of the unification of the modern kingdom of Spain.

By the end of the 15th century, Portugal expelled some local Jews, along with those refugees that came from Castile and Aragon after 1492.

On 7 January 1492 the King ordered the expulsion of all the Jews from Spain-from the kingdoms of Castile, Catalonia, Aragon, Galicia, Majorca, Minorca, the Basque provinces, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily, and the kingdom of Valencia.

People who converted to Catholicism were not subject to expulsion, but between 1480 and 1492 hundreds of those who had converted ( conversos and moriscos ) were accused of secretly practising their original religion ( crypto-Judaism or crypto-Islam ) and arrested, imprisoned, interrogated under torture, and in many cases burned to death, in both Castile and Aragon.

Soria lost most of its importance after the unification of Aragon and Castile in 1479, and above all after the decree of exile issued against the Jews in 1492.

The marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469 united under one Royal House two of the greatest of these kingdoms, Castile and Aragon, which led to their largely successful campaign against the Moors, peaking at the conquest of Granada in 1492.

After the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 – 1453 ) and the Treaty of Picquigny ( 1475 ) – its official end date – in 1492 and 1493, Charles VIII of France signed three additional treaties with Henry VII of England, Maximilian I of Habsburg, and Ferdinand II of Aragon respectively at Étaples ( 1492 ), Senlis ( 1493 ) and in Barcelona ( 1493 ).

The Alhambra Decree ( also known as the Edict of Expulsion ) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain ( Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon ) ordering the expulsion of Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon ( not from the Kingdom of Navarre ) and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

After the union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the Kingdom of Spain and the subsequent conquest of Granada in 1492, the audiencia was divided in two, with the Audiencia of Valladolid taking cases originating north of the Tagus River, and the Royal Audiencia of Ciudad Real ( 1494 ) taking cases from south of the river.