Isabella and Ferdinand authorized the 1492 expedition of Christopher Columbus, who became the first known European to reach the New World since Leif Ericson.

* 1492 – Ferdinand and Isabella The Catholic Monarchs enter Granada, completing the Reconquista.

For Spain, dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492.

Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista with a war against the Emirate of Granada that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's complete annexation in early 1492.

Across the square is the Pazo de Raxoi ( Raxoi's Palace ), the town hall and seat of the Galician Xunta, and on the right from the cathedral steps is the Hostal dos Reis Católicos, founded in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as a pilgrims ' hospice ( now a parador ).

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Ferdinand II and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos (' The Catholic Monarchs '), after the last battle of the Granada War.

On January 2, 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in Granada surrendered to armies of a recently united Christian Spain ( after the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs ).

Although considered an excellent navigator, Columbus wrecked the Santa María during the initial voyage of 1492, the flagship of his fleet ; he proved a poor administrator and was stripped of the governorship in 1500 ; he was jailed for six weeks upon returning to Spain ; yet Ferdinand and Isabel financed his fourth voyage to the New World, but denied him the governorship of the land.

Richard Armour's book It All Started With Columbus ( 1953, revised 1961 ) treats the history of the United States, from 1492 to the JFK presidency, in a manner that owes a great deal to Sellar and Yeatman (" Ferdinand and Isabella refused to believe the world was round, even when Columbus showed them an egg ").

The Ottomans had a benevolent attitude towards the Jews, having welcomed thousands of Jewish refugees who had recently been expelled from Spain by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1492.

In 1502, violating the 1492 peace treaty Ferdinand II of Aragon forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert to Catholicism or be expelled.

The Jewish population was expelled by Queen Isabella and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1492, but many remains of the Jewish presence of the period can still be seen today in the Barrio San Antonio.

Ferdinand and Isabella had expelled the Jews in 1492, and would never marry their daughter to the king of a country that still tolerated their presence.

* Isabella I of Castile ( 1451 – 1504, " Queen Isabella of Spain "), queen regnant ; also queen consort of Ferdinand II of Aragon with whom she financed Christopher Columbus ' 1492 voyage to America

** Giuliano Dati – Lettera delle isole novamente trovata, a translation into verse of a letter from Christopher Columbus to Ferdinand of Spain, regarding Columbus ' first exploratory voyage across the Atlantic in 1492

Following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, and of the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes between these areas under the control of the Crown of Castile ( modern-day Spain ).

In March 1492, Ferdinand issued the Edict of Alhambra, a document which ordered all Jews to either convert to Christianity or leave the country.

From 1502, violating the 1492 peace treaty, Ferdinand and later Phillip II forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert or be expelled.

; 1492: Ferdinand II and Isabella I issued the Alhambra decree, General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain ( approx.

In the same spirit, in 1492 he had sung the praises of Ferdinand II of Aragon, for having conquered the Moors and unified Spain.

Finally, on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, who along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon were known as the " Catholic Monarchs.

Later in 1492, Ferdinand issued a letter addressed to the Jews who had left Castile and Aragon, to invite them back to Spain if and only if they had become Christians.

In 1492, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile issued an edict of expulsion of Jews from Spain, giving Jews four months to either convert to Christianity or leave the country.

Lustiger's opposition was due to the fact that Isabella and her husband Ferdinand of Aragon had expelled Jews from her domains in 1492.

* 1492 – The first grammar of the Spanish language is presented to Queen Isabella I.

* 1492 – Queen Isabella of Castille issues the Alhambra decree, ordering her 150, 000 Jewish subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.

With Torquemada's urging, it was used by Isabella I as an excuse for the expulsion of the Jews after the fall of Granada in 1492.

Meanwhile Mendoza ( now Archbishop of Toledo ) had not forgotten him, and in 1492 recommended him to Isabella as her confessor.

One of the most notable examples of the Columbus commemoratives was released when The United States issued its first commemorative stamp in 1893, the $ 1 Columbian Exposition issue, " Isabella pledging her jewels ", one of a set of 16 commemoratives issued to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.

Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise, Gramática de la lengua castellana written in 1492 by the Andalusian linguist Antonio de Nebrija and presented to Isabella of Castile at Salamanca.

However, by the last decade of the 15th century, the Portuguese state's official sponsorship of such exploratory voyages had ended, and in 1492, under the Spanish flag of Ferdinand and Isabella, Christopher Columbus set out on his historic journey to Asia, citing the island as the perfect halfway house by the authority of Paul Toscanelli.

The final step was taken by the Catholic Monarchs, who, in 1492, ordered the remaining Jews to convert or face expulsion from Spain.

Like similar European policies before and after the 15th century, the Alhambra Decree ordered Jews to convert or leave Spain in 1492.

On 7 January 1492 the King ordered the expulsion of all the Jews from Spain-from the kingdoms of Castile, Catalonia, Aragon, Galicia, Majorca, Minorca, the Basque provinces, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily, and the kingdom of Valencia.

On 23 May 1492 a royal provision was read out to the residents of Palos, by which the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand ordered that certain residents deliver two caravels to Columbus and travel with him on his voyage that he was making " by command of Their Highnesses " (" por mandado de Sus Altezas ") and that the town should respect the royal decision.

The year 1492 brought a turbulent change to the Abravanel family and to all Jews in Spain, as Isabel and Fernando ordered the conversion or expulsion of all Jews in Spain.

In 1492, as part of an attempt to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and purify their kingdom of Moorish influence, Ferdinand and Isabella ordered the forced expulsion or conversion of all Jews on pain of death.

* 1492 – 1507-The remaining Muslims in the Crown of Castile were ordered to become Catholic.

Despite the Sephardic background, the Azzopardi families in Malta have been Roman Catholic since 1492, when all Maltese families were ordered to convert to Catholicism or leave the Maltese Islands.

Part of the Sephardic community in Spain, the Camondo family settled in Venice after the 1492 Spanish decree that ordered the expulsion of all Jews who refused conversion to Catholicism.

Sephardim are Jews whose ancestors lived in Spain or Portugal, where they lived for possibly as much as a millennia before being finally expelled in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs ( the Alhambra decree ); the Sephardic communities subsequently migrated to North Africa ( Maghreb ), Christian Europe ( Netherlands, Britain, France and Poland ), throughout the Ottoman Empire and even the newly discovered Latin America.

Jewish communities also existed in the country, those arriving after the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain ( 1492 ) joining the earlier Romaniotes, Jews who had been living there since the times of Apostle Paul.

The prevalence of the Sephardic rite among Mizrahim is partly a result of Sephardim joining some of their communities following the 1492 expulsion from Sepharad ( Spain and Portugal ).

In many Arab countries, older Arabic-speaking Jewish communities distinguished between themselves and the newer arrivals speaking Judeo-Romance languages, that is, Sephardim expelled from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497.

These tragedies include the destruction of both Temples, the expulsion of the Jews from Spain on Tisha B ' Av 1492, and the outbreak of World War I on Tisha B ' Av 1914, which overturned many Jewish communities.

These tragedies include: the breaking of the Tablets of the Law by Moses, when he saw the people worshipping the golden calf ; the burning of a Sefer Torah by Apostomus during the Second Temple era ; the destruction of both Temples on Tisha B ' Av ; the expulsion of the Jews from Spain on Tisha B ' Av 1492 ; and the outbreak of World War I on Tisha B ' Av 1914, which overturned many Jewish communities.

The office also maintained considerable influence outside the Ottoman Empire, especially after the forced migration of numerous Jewish communities and individuals out of Spain ( after the fall of Granada in 1492 ) and Italy.

As Sephardic Jewish communities were established in central and northern Italy, following the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and from the Kingdom of Naples in 1533, these areas were an obvious destination for conversos wishing to leave Spain and Portugal.

Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before the majority, together with resident Muslims, were forced to convert to Catholicism, be expelled or be killed when Spain became united under the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.