The Swedish Empire conquered Northern Estonia during the Livonian War, in 1561, and held it until the Great Northern War, when Tallinn was conquered by Russia in 1710.

When Tallinn capitulated to Eric XIV of Sweden in 1561, the king decided not to change the status quo in the relations between Toompea and Lower Town.

The dominion arose during the Livonian War, when the northern parts of present-day Estonia ( Reval ( Tallinn ) and the counties of Harjumaa, Western Virumaa, Raplamaa and Järvamaa ) submitted to the Swedish king in 1561, and Läänemaa in 1581.

Caspar ( or Kaspar ) Schwen ( c ) kfeld von Ossig ( 1489 or 1490 – 10 December 1561, Ulm ) was a German theologian, writer, and preacher who became a Protestant Reformer and spiritualist, one of the earliest promoters of the Protestant Reformation in Silesia.

In 1561, Schwenckfeld became sick with dysentery, and gradually grew weaker until he died in Ulm on the morning of December 10, 1561.

In 1561, Martial de Loménie, secretary of state for finances under King Charles IX, became lord of Versailles.

After William's administration as Prince-bishop ended during the Livonian War, Riga became a Free City ( 1561 – 1581 ).

In 1553 Sir Nicholas Bacon married secondly Anne Cooke ( 1528 – 1610 ), one of the daughters of Sir Anthony Cooke, by whom he had two sons, Anthony ( 1558 – 1601 ) and Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ), who became Lord Chancellor and was also a philosopher, author and scientist.

He then became pastor of Stammheim ( same canton ) until 1561, when he retired to Zürich ( of which he had been made a burgher in 1548 ), where he lived in retirement till his death in 1576.

After the destruction of Thérouanne, Ypres became the seat of the new Diocese of Ypres in 1561, and Saint Martin's Church was elevated to cathedral status.

In 1561 it became part of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( see: Duchy of Livonia ) and in 1566 became capital of the Inflanty Voivodeship, which existed until the First Partition of Poland.

In 1561 he became chaplain to Alexander Craik, bishop of Kildare and dean of St Patrick's in Dublin.

By March 1561, the city council of Reval surrendered to Sweden, and became the outpost for further Swedish conquests in the area.

At the coronation of Eric XIV in 1561, Swedish nobility became formally hereditary for the first time upon the creation of the higher titles of Count ( greve ) and Baron ( friherre ).

He died young in 1554, and having been attainted along with his father in August 1553, the title became extinct until it was revived in 1561 for his younger brother Ambrose, the third Earl.

The policy of repression which in this capacity he pursued during the next five years secured for him many tangible rewards: in 1560 he was elevated to the archepiscopal see of Mechelen, and in 1561 he became a cardinal ; but the growing hostility of a people whose religious convictions he had set himself to oppose ultimately made it impossible for him to continue in the Netherlands ; and on the advice of his royal master he retired to Franche-Comté in March 1564.

He was knighted at the accession of Elizabeth, and in 1561 became governor of Portsmouth, where he died on 15 February 1571.

After the Norman Conquest the manor, later known as Hendford, was granted to the Count of Eu and his tenant Hugh Maltravers, whose descendants became Earls of Arundel and held the lordship until 1561.

Despite their religious differences, Moray became the chief advisor to his Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1561 after her return from France.

* Francis Bacon, 1st Baron Verulam ( 1561 – 1626 ) ( became Viscount St Albans in 1621 )

In 1561 he became bankrupt, and he is said to have died in a debtors ' prison.

In 1561 he was appointed Chancellor of the Diocese of York and later became a canon and prebendary of York Minster.

Following the dissolution of the College its work was restored on a new pattern by Gabriel Goodman ( 1528 – 1601 ), a Ruthin man who became Dean of Westminster in 1561.

In 1561 Goldwell became superior of the Theatines at San Silvestro, their house in Rome.

Harpur was a merchant from Bedford who became Lord Mayor of London in 1561.

* Swedish Estonia, from 1561 a dominion of Sweden, constituted by the northern part of present-day Estonia

The Duchy of Estonia (, ), also known as Swedish Estonia, ( Swedish: Svenska Estland ) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation, during the plague, in the Great Northern War.

After Sweden occupied Reval, Frederick II of Denmark made a treaty with Erik XIV of Sweden in August 1561.

Sweden had first gained a foothold on a territory outside her traditional provinces in 1561, when Estonia opted for vassalage to Sweden during the Livonian War.

* Karin Hansdotter, mistress of King John III of Sweden, was given the Wääksy Manor in 1561.

Sweden controlled Estonia between 1561 and 1710 and Livland between 1621 and 1710, having signed an agreement not to undermine Baltic German autonomy.

He was also ruler of Estonia, after its conquest by Sweden in 1561.

Between 1561 and 1629 Sweden made conquests in the Eastern Baltic.

In contrast to Swedish Estonia, which had submitted to Swedish rule voluntarily in 1561 and where traditional local laws remained largely untouched, the uniformity policy was applied in Swedish Livonia under Karl XI of Sweden: serfdom was abolished, peasants were offered education as well as military, administrative or ecclesiastical careers, and nobles had to transfer domains to the king in the Great Reduction.

The first Landtag of Livonian Confederation was called by archbishop of Rīga Johannes Ambundii in 1419 and continued on regular basis till the incorporation of Livonian lands in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark in 1561.

An extended Finland Proper was made a titular grand principality in 1581, when King John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been the Duke of Finland ( 1556 – 1561 / 63 ), extended the list of subsidiary titles of the Kings of Sweden considerably.

Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland – Lithuania into the conflict while Sweden and Denmark both intervened between 1559 and 1561.

Per Brahe was in 1561 granted dignity as a count by Eric XIV of Sweden and in 1620 was the family introduced on the Swedish House of Knights ( Riddarhuset ) as the first counts.

Between 1561 and 1658, Sweden fought a series of wars in the Baltic, capturing an empire.

The Lord High Chancellor (, literally Chancellor of the Realm or Imperial Chancellor ) was a prominent and influential office in Sweden, from 1561 until 1680, excluding periods when the office was out of use.

* 1518 – Conrad Lycosthenes, French-German humanist and encyclopedist ( d. 1561 )

* 1561 – An 18-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France.

* 1561 – Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer ( d. 1632 )

* 1561 – Willem of Orange marries duchess Anna of Saxony.

* 1656 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist ( b. 1561 )

The archbishops of Riga were also the secular rulers of Riga until 1561 when during the reformation the territory converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism and all church territories were secularized.

Similarly, the influences of philosophers such as Sir Francis Bacon ( 1561 – 1626 ) and René Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), who demanded more rigor in mathematics and in removing bias from scientific observations, led to a scientific revolution.

In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561 Havana, more strategically located in relation to the Gulf Stream, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant flotas, which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas.

* 1561 – Sir Edwin Sandys, English colonial settler ( d. 1629 )

Its use in English dates back to at least 1561.

When Mary returned to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth.

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban, Kt., KC ( 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 ) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author.

Bacon was born on 22 January 1561 at York House near the Strand in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon by his second wife Anne ( Cooke ) Bacon, the daughter of noted humanist Anthony Cooke.

* 1561 – Menno Simons, Dutch Mennonite leader ( b. 1496 )

* 1561 – Menas, Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats a revolt in Emfraz.

* 1561 – Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet ( d. 1627 )

* 1561 – Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern ( d. 1589 )

The Belgic Confession of 1561, a Dutch confession of faith, was partly based on the Gallic Confession.

* 1561 – Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher ( d. 1626 )

* 1561 – Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow is consecrated.

* 1561 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician ( d. 1656 )