The English word " amputation " was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ( published in either 1597 or 1612 ); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words " extirpation " ( 16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " ( from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal ), or simply " cutting ", but by the end of the 17th century " amputation " had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

Raphael Holinshed calls her Voadicia, while Edmund Spenser calls her " Bunduca ", a version of the name that was used in the popular Jacobean play Bonduca, in 1612.

The constellation was introduced in 1612 ( or 1613 ) by Petrus Plancius.

In 1612, a Dutch fortress was built in Mouree, along the Dutch Gold Coast.

" Moreover, some scholars believe he was largely responsible for the drafting, in 1609 and 1612, of two charters of government for the Virginia Colony.

He was sent as a missionary to China in 1610 and while waiting at Macau for a favorable opportunity to enter the country he published his " Résultat de l ' observation sue l ' éclipse de lune du 8 Novembre, 1612, faite a Macao " ( Mémoires de l ' Acad.

The Andromeda Galaxy was independently rediscovered by Simon Marius in 1612.

Muller ( 1874: pp. 190 – 191 ) took this to mean they had come upon Jan Mayen in 1611 or 1612, which was repeated by many subsequent authors.

Dowland was dismissed in 1606 and returned to England ; in early 1612 he secured a post as one of James I's lutenists.

Dowland's last, and in the opinion of most scholars, best work, A Pilgrimes Solace, was published in 1612, and seems to have been conceived more as a collection of contrapuntal music than as solo works.

In 1612, Galileo Galilei proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of the orbits of the moons of Jupiter one could use their positions as a universal clock and this would make possible the determination of longitude, but the practical problems of the method he devised were severe and it was never used at sea.

On April 13, 1612, Musashi ( about age 30 ) fought his duel with Sasaki Kojirō, who was known as " The Demon of the Western Provinces " and who wielded a nodachi.

Murad IV Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد رابع Murād-i rābi ‘) < span dir =" ltr ">( July 26 / 27, 1612 – February 9, 1640 )</ span > was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.

The first edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the first great dictionary devoted to a modern European language ( Italian ), was published in 1612 ; the first edition of Dictionnaire de l ' Académie française dates from 1694.

In March 1612, however, Pope Paul V appointed him as the Archbishop of Bologna, for which he was presumably ordained and then he was consecrated a bishop on 1 May of that year.

The war to reduce the barons ' power continued for several years: in 1612 Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke.

Peter Stuyvesant ( c. 1612 – August 1672 ), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York.

Stuyvesant was born in Peperga, Friesland in the Netherlands, to Balthazar Johannes Stuyvesant, a minister, and Margaretha Hardenstein around 1612.

This work provided a simple presentation of rhetoric that emphasized the treatment of style, and became so popular that it was mentioned in John Brinsley's ( 1612 ) Ludus literarius ; or The Grammar Schoole as being the " most used in the best schooles.

Rudolf II ( July 18, 1552 – January 20, 1612 ) was Holy Roman Emperor ( 1576 – 1612 ), King of Hungary and Croatia ( 1572 – 1608 ), King of Bohemia ( 1575 – 1608 / 1611 ) and Archduke of Austria ( 1576 – 1608 ).

Rudolf died in 1612, nine months after he had been stripped of all effective power by his younger brother, except the empty title of Holy Roman Emperor, to which Matthias was elected five months later.

Two years later, in 1612, the Virginia Company's Royal Charter was officially extended to include the island, and a party of 60 settlers was sent, under the command of Sir Richard Moore, the island's first governor.

Also in 1612, Oxenstierna was appointed governor of Estonia.

Peter Stuyvesant (; 1612 – 1672 ) was the last governor of New Netherland.

Janszoon served in the Netherlands East Indies for several periods ( 1603 – 11, 1612 – 16, including a period as governor of Fort Henricus on Solor.

Once governor of the Austrian Netherlands, he wrested power over Austria, Hungary and Moravia from his inept brother Emperor Rudolf II in 1608 and inherited the rest in 1612.

In 1612, a Virginia governor declared the death penalty for a person that denied the Trinity under Virginia's Laws Divine, Moral and Martial, which also outlawed blasphemy, speaking badly of ministers and royalty, and " disgraceful words.

Two years later, in 1612, the Virginia Company's Royal Charter was extended to include the island, and a party of 60 settlers was sent, under the command of Sir Richard Moore, the island's first governor, to join the three men left by the Deliverance and Patience.

Dmitry Timofeyevich ( Timofeevich ) Troubetzkoy ( Troubetskoy ) ( died on 24 May 1625, buried in Troitse-Sergieva Lavra ), Prince, was the claimant to the Russian throne 1612, governor of Siberia, " duke of Shenkursk ".

Once governor of the Austrian Netherlands, he wrested power over Austria, Hungary and Moravia from his inept brother Emperor Rudolf II in 1608 and inherited the rest in 1612.

The expeditions by Adriaen Block and Hendrick Christiansz in 1611, 1612, 1613 and 1614 resulted in the surveying and charting of the region from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel.

In a series of published letters in 1612 and 1613, Scheiner had sparred with Galileo over the nature of sunspots and been roundly trounced since Galileo's careful observations indicated that sunspots could not be satellites around the Sun because they often disappear on the disk.

The death of Prince Henry in 1612 at the age of eighteen, probably from typhoid, and the departure for Heidelberg of the sixteen-year-old Princess Elizabeth in April 1613, after marrying Elector Frederick V of the Palatine, further weakened the family ties binding Anne and James.

On 5 June 1612, he married Catharina Reynst, a daughter of Gerard Reynst, with whom he would have 12 children between 1613 and 1633, each born in Amsterdam.

: Under the two Royal Warrants of 1612 and 1613 issued by James I certain privileges were accorded to baronets of England.

Its first certain appearance was on a globe created by the Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius in 1612 or 1613 and it was later charted by Jakob Bartsch as Unicornus in his star chart of 1624.

Other early town libraries of the UK include those of Ipswich ( 1612 ), Bristol ( founded in 1613 and opened in 1615 ), and Leicester ( 1632 ).

Taylor discusses the watermen's disputes with the theater companies ( who moved the theaters from the south bank to the north in 1612, depriving the ferries of traffic ) in The True Cause of the Watermen's Suit Concerning Players ( written in 1613 or 1614 ).

* George Chapman, An Epicede or Funerall Song, On the Most Disastrous Death, of the Highborne Prince of Men, Henry Prince of Wales, & c., the work states " 1612 " but was published in 1613

In the Kalmar War ( 1611 – 1613 ) he led the Swedish troops to victory against the Danish forces, led by King Christian IV of Denmark, at the Battle of Kölleryd, on February 21, 1612.

In 1612 he was appointed ambassador in England, but he did not leave to take up his appointment till May 1613.

Three other works that might have been Rowley solo plays have not survived: Hymen's Holidays or Cupid's Vagaries ( 1612 ), A Knave in Print ( 1613 ), and The Fool Without Book ( also 1613 ).

She bore eight children: Joan ( 1558 ), Margaret ( 1562 – 63 ), William ( 1564 – 1616 ), Gilbert ( 1566 – 1612 ), Joan ( 1569 – 1646 ), Anne ( 1571 – 79 ), Richard ( 1574 – 1613 ), and Edmund ( 1580 – 1607 ).

The couple had five children: Francesco ( an illegitimate child born May 29, 1612 ), Maddalena ( an illegitimate child born July 22, 1613 ), Domenico ( November 8, 1614, poet and art collector ), Stefano ( 1616 / 7 ), and Caterina ( September 1619 ).

In 1612 ( or 1613 ) Plancius introduced the following eight constellations on a 26. 5-cm celestial globe published in Amsterdam by Pieter van der Keere: Apes the Bee, Camelopardalis the Giraffe ( often interpreted as a Camel ), Cancer Minor the Small Crab, Euphrates Fluvius et Tigris Fluvius the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, Gallus the Cock, Jordanis Fluvius the River Jordan, Monoceros the Unicorn and Sagitta Australis the Southern Arrow.

Henry VIII is believed to have been first performed as part of the ceremonies celebrating the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1612 – 1613, although the first recorded performance was on 29 June 1613.

The painting Giuditta che decapita Oloferne ( Judith beheading Holofernes ) ( 1612 – 1613 ), displayed in the Capodimonte Museum of Naples, is striking for the violence portrayed.

Galileo observed Neptune on both December 28, 1612 and January 27, 1613, when it was in a portion of its orbit where it was nearly directly behind Jupiter as seen from Earth.

His other stories include Nine Worthies of London ( 1592 ); The Pleasant Walks of Moorefields ( 1607 ); The Pleasant Conceites of Old Hobson ( 1607 ), the hero being a well-known haberdasher in the Poultry ; The Most Pleasant History of Tom a Lincolne ( 1607 ); A Remembrance of Robert Earle of Salisbury ( 1612 ); Looke on Me, London ( 1613 ); The History of Tom Thumbe ( 1621 ).

From October 1612 until April 1613, Frederick V spent nearly a half year in England, and though only 17 years-old, thereby took up contact with important architects, who later undertook changes and new building plans for the Heidelberg Castle.

On his return to Scotland in 1612 he was arrested, and was beheaded at Edinburgh on 21 May 1613.