In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress (" the United States in Congress assembled ") until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation.

Belgian journalist Jo Gérard has claimed that a family manuscript dated 1781 recounts that potatoes were deep-fried prior to 1680 in what was then the Spanish Netherlands and is now present-day Belgium, in the Meuse valley: " The inhabitants of Namur, Andenne, and Dinant, had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying, especially among the poor, but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous, they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here ".

In November 1781, Hanson became the first President of the Continental Congress to be elected for an annual term as specified in the Articles of Confederation, although Samuel Huntington and Thomas McKean had served in that office after the ratification of the Articles.

The Articles took effect on March 1, 1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them.

He rose through the intermediate grades to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the regiment ( 1773 ) and brevet colonel in 1780, and in 1781 he became colonel of the King's Irish infantry.

It became part of the Military Tract, when, in 1781, more than 1¼ million acres ( 5, 100 km² ) were set aside by the State's Legislature to compensate two regiments formed to protect the State's western section from the English and their Iroquois allies, at the close of the Revolution.

After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781, the western part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between slave and free states, although Delaware retained slavery until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in 1865.

After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781, the western part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between free and slave states, although Delaware remained a slave state.

Fayette was first settled as Sterling ( or Starling ) Plantation in 1781, and became incorporated as the town of Fayette on February 28, 1795.

His son was born on October 1, 1781 and became a legend during the war of 1812 with the command " Don't Give Up the Ship.

As president of Yale, Stiles also became its first professor of Semitics, and required all students to study Hebrew ( as was also the case at Harvard ); his first commencement address in September, 1781 ( no ceremonies having been held during the American Revolutionary War ) was delivered in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic.

Peters Township was incorporated in 1781 as one of the 13 original Townships of Washington County when it became part of Pennsylvania.

In 1781, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, ordered the destruction of the city's fortified walls – their former location however continues to be referred to in the Latin terms intra muros ( within the walls ) and extra muros ( outside ), and meanwhile the site became that of the inner ring road.

They gained momentum in the fin de siècle era, when a considerable number of renowned Slovene academians worked throughout Central Europe, while ever more numerous Slovenian students were enrolled in foreign-language universities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, particularly in the Austrian and Czech lands ( Charles University in Prague or University of Olomouc, of which Slovene philosopher Franc Samuel Karpe became the rector in 1781 ).

He became a scholar of Trinity in 1780, won the Craven university scholarship in 1781, and took his degree of BA in 1782, as third senior prime, obtaining soon afterwards the first Chancellor's Medal for classical studies.

In 1776 Boie became secretary to the commander-in-chief at Hanover, and in 1781 was appointed administrator of the province of Süderditmarschen in Holstein.

In 1781, Peter Peckard, one of the earliest abolitionists, became master of Magdalene.

The military school which he founded at Haapaniemi ( then Tuhkaniemi ), Kuopio ( August 1, 1780 until May 1, 1781 when it was moved to Haapaniemi estate in Rantasalmi, where it operated until a transfer to Hamina in 1819 ) subsequently became a state institution ( Hamina Cadet School ).

Alexander Christie ( c1721-1794 ) was provost in the town during the 1760s and 1780s and oversaw the establishment of Scotland's first Lunatic Asylum in Montrose in 1781 which became Sunnyside Royal Hospital.

He then was posted to the West Indies, where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius.

Tom Cribb ( 8 July 1781 – 11 May 1848 ) was an English bare-knuckle boxer of the 19th century, so successful that he became world champion.

In 1781, the Corps of Invalids became part of the garrison at West Point, New York.

Egerton was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and became fellow of All Souls in 1780, and Fellow of the Royal Society in 1781.

He also served as President of the Continental Congress from 1779 to 1781, chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1784 to 1785, and the 18th Governor of Connecticut from 1786 until his death.

The township is named for a local Chippewa ( Ojibwa ) chief who lived from 1781 to 1881.

* Lemuel Shaw ( 1781 – 1861 ), chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

He went to Geneva in 1781, where he made the acquaintance of the chief democratic leaders, including Étienne Dumont.

Herschel's discovery of Uranus in 1781 inspired Schröter to pursue astronomy more seriously, and he resigned his post and became chief magistrate and district governor of Lilienthal.

By 1781, Gelelemend had been forced from power, and he helped guide Colonel Daniel Brodhead in an expedition to destroy the Delaware capital of Coshocton where he had lived and served as chief.

In 1774, he was appointed to minister of state to Louis XVI, as well as chief adviser, holding both positions until 1781.

William Weatherford, also known as Lamochattee ( Red Eagle ) by the Creek ( c. 1780 or 1781 – March 24, 1824 ), was a Creek ( Muscogee ) chief of the Upper Creek towns who led the Red Sticks ' offensive in the Creek War ( 1813 – 1814 ) against the United States.

His chief works are the Description des glacières de Savoye, 1773 ( English translation, Norwich, 1775 – 1776 ), the Description des Alpes pennines et rhétiennes ( 2 vols., 1781 ), and the Descriptions des cols ou passages des Alpes, ( 2 vols., 1803 ), while his Itinéraire de Genève, Lausanne et Chamouni, first published in 1791, went through several editions in his lifetime.

Stephen Heard ( November 1, 1740 – November 15, 1815 ) was briefly the 12th Governor of Georgia ( a position later known as Governor ) from when he was appointed on February 18, 1780 until Nathan Brownson was elected the tenth Governor of Georgia in August 1781 ( Myrick Davies served as president of the council in 1781 and is listed by some as de facto chief executive for some period of time ).

Sassoon was born in Baghdad, where his father, Saleh Sassoon, was a wealthy businessman, chief treasurer to the pashas ( the governors of Baghdad ) from 1781 to 1817, and leader of the city's Jewish community.

At the council of rabbis held in the village of Zelva, Trakai Voivodeship, in 1781, it was resolved to uproot Hasidism.

He was member of the South Carolina state house of representatives, 1781 and was elected by the South Carolina state general assembly as a member of the privy council in 1782.

In 1780, 1781 and 1785 he was re-elected, but chose to remain in New Hampshire and serve at the revolutionary capital in Exeter, where he was a representative from 1778 – 1779 and a member of the executive council from 1781-1784.

In January 1781, however, before he could return to Madras, he was appointed by Lord North, whose government he had supported, to the seat on the supreme council at Calcutta vacated by Richard Barwell.

In Philadelphia, he was appointed assistant superintendent of finance ( 1781 – 1785 ), and he was a Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

This force failed through lack of finance in 1781.

But in 1781 the new State of Maryland confiscated all of Henry Harford's estates and used their income to help finance the cash-strapped revolutionary government and its militia.