These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

In 1853 he became Inspector of Charities and was later Assistant Commissioner on the Royal City Charities Commission, about which he published several books.

In 1853 Island County became part of the newly created Washington Territory.

In 1853, Sherman resigned his captaincy and became manager of the San Francisco branch of a St. Louis-based bank.

In 1853, in Turin, Guglielmo Stefani founded the Agenzia Stefani, that became the most important agency in the Kingdom of Italy, and took international relevance with Manlio Morgagni.

There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade.

In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more.

In 1853, he became rector of the University.

He became sous-préfet of Nérac in 1830, and advanced rapidly in the civil service until in 1853 he was chosen by Persigny to be prefect of the Seine in succession to Jean Jacques Berger, who hesitated to incur the vast expenses of the imperial schemes for the embellishment of Paris.

Regaining freedom in 1853, he published his memoir that year, became nationally known and lectured on the abolitionist circuit.

In 1853, the church became the local parish church.

As a painter she became famous primarily for two chief works: Ploughing in the Nivernais ( in French: Le labourage nivernais, le sombrage ), which was first exhibited at the Salon of 1848, and is now in the Musée d ’ Orsay in Paris depicts a team of oxen ploughing a field while attended by peasants set against a vast pastoral landscape ; and, The Horse Fair ( in French: Le marché aux chevaux ) ( which was exhibited at the Salon of 1853 ( finished in 1855 ) and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City.

" Having been one of the biggest influences in the establishment of the College, Hosea Ballou II became the first president in 1853, and College Hall, the first building on campus, was completed the following year.

He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1858 became the first person to take aerial photographs.

A minister from the Netherlands, Dirk Van der Hoff went to the Transvaal in 1853, and became a minister in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, which was constituted in 1856, and in 1860 recognised as the State Church of the South African Republic, separate from the Cape Church.

In 1833 the town was renamed Berlin because of the recent German immigration from the Breuckmann family, and in 1853 Berlin became the County Seat of the newly created County of Waterloo, elevating it to the status of Village.

* 1853 Moses Hughes and his invalid wife, Hannah ( Berry ), became the first permanent settlers, seeking to take advantage of the medicinal springs.

The " Elephant Man ", Joseph Carey Merrick ( 1862 – 1890 ) became well known in Whitechapel — he was exhibited in a shop on the Whitechapel Road before being helped by Dr Frederick Treves ( 1853 – 1923 ) at the Royal London Hospital, opposite the actual shop.

Sullivan was founded in 1853 and became the county seat.

In 1832, Terre Haute became a town and, in May 1853, elected to become a city.

Following the Gadsden purchase in 1853, Nogales became a part of the United States of America.

The gold from the initially discovered placers gave out after a few years, but the discovery of gold in an underground river channel in 1853 revitalized the camp and it soon became a town.

At that time Trinidad became part of the newly created Humboldt County after its creation in 1853, with its county seat in Eureka.

* William Beaumont ( 1785 – 1853 ), " Father of Gastric Physiology " whose book describing digestion, published in 1833, became a classical medical study still used today.

He graduated from the New York University in 1853, where he was a member of the Eucleian Society, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856.

His grandfather, Simon Fraser, emigrated from Nova Scotia in 1853, becoming a successful pastoralist and speculator, as well as a member of the Victorian Parliament, the Federation Conventions of 1897 – 98 and the Australian Senate.

Millais was elected as an associate member of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1853, and was soon elected as a full member of the Academy, in which he was a prominent and active participant.

He became a member of the council of state in 1852 and in 1853 was promoted to general of the division.

He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1822, was a member of the council of the Camden Society from 1850 to 1853, and from 1865 to 1870, a member of the Royal Society of Literature from 1837, and on the council of the Royal Literary Fund, and until 1839 secretary to the Society of Guardians of Trade.

John Quincy Adams ( 1833 – 1894 ) was a graduate of Harvard ( 1853 ), practiced law, and was a Democratic member for several terms of the Massachusetts general court.

He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota from June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.

He was a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention of 1853, city solicitor for Boston from 1854 until 1856, and in 1866-70 was United States district attorney for Massachusetts.

He entered the House of Commons as member for Hull in 1852 ,, but he and his party colleague were unseated in 1853 by petition over claims of widespread corruption in their election, of which they were exonerated of any knowledge.

He has been most well known for his leadership in abolitionism ; a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, with Frederick Douglass, he helped start the National Council of Colored People in 1853, the first permanent national organization for blacks.

In 1853 the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society of London was awarded to him, and in 1860 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society.

In 1853, he was a member of the state constitutional convention.

He was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1853 to 1858.

Dufresne took first in the Berliner Schachgesellschaft in 1853 and won an 1854 match against Carl Mayet (+ 7 − 5 ), a member of the Berlin Pleiades.

The Detroit Advertiser, on February 10, 1853, wrote of Strang: " Mr. Strang ’ s course as a member of the present Legislature, has disarmed much of the prejudices which have previously surrounded him.

He was an alderman, member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, and State Commissioner of Immigration.

Suggestions for the use of the chamber were made as early as 1853 by Gouverneur Kemble, a former member of the House, who pressed for its use as a gallery of historical paintings.

* James Hay Reed ( 1853 – 1927 ), founding partner, Knox & Reed ( now Reed Smith LLP ), and member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club

He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1853, and of the Massachusetts Senate in 1859, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions from 1848 to 1860.

It is sometimes known as the Chestnut-bellied Heron, and is the only member of the genus Agamia ( Reichenbach, 1853 ).

Prince Ari ' imate Teururai later known as King Tamatoa VI ( 1853 – 15 September 1905 ), was a member of a Tahitian royal family, the House of Teururai which reigned on the Tahitian island of Huahiné and Maia ' o during the 19th century.

A member of the famous Stevenson family of engineers, eldest son of Robert Stevenson, and brother of David and Thomas Stevenson, between 1843 and 1853 he built thirteen lighthouses in and around Scotland.