Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional President on February 9, 1861.

President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Frémont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.

* 1861 – President of the United States Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus.

* 1861 – Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.

* 1944 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland ( b. 1861 )

* 1861 – Jefferson Davis is notified by telegraph that he has been chosen as provisional President of the Confederate States of America.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama.

* 1861 – In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America.

* 1861 – American Civil War: at the order of President Abraham Lincoln, Union troops begin a 25 mile march into Virginia for what will become the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major land battle of the war.

On February 9, 1861, after Davis resigned from the United States Senate, he was selected to be the provisional President of the Confederate States of America ; he was elected without opposition to a six-year term that November.

Jefferson Davis is sworn in as President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, on the steps of the Alabama State Capitol.

The weapon was demonstrated to President Lincoln in 1861.

* 1861 – American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as the commander of the Union Army, replacing General Winfield Scott.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin secretary of war.

* 1861 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D. C., for all military-related cases.

When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army.

In the spring of 1861, shortly before the beginning of the American Civil War, the government of San Marino wrote a letter ( in " perfect Italian on one side, and imperfect but clear English on the other ") to United States President Abraham Lincoln, proposing an " alliance " between the two democratic nations and offering the President honorary San Marino citizenship.

After President Lincoln relieved Frémont from command, Grant attacked Fort Belmont taking 3, 114 Union troops by boat on November 7, 1861, and initially took the fort, but his army was later pushed back to Cairo by the reinforced Confederate General Gideon J. Pillow.

* Taney Arrest Warrant, purported 1861 quashed secret order from President Lincoln to arrest the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court

Replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez ( 1861 – 1863 ) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte ( 1863 – 1864 ) and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico ( 1864 – 1867 ) with the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire.

* American Civil War fought between the remaining United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis ( April 12, 1861 — April 9, 1865 ) and Vice President Alexander Stephens.

When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.

Lincoln prevented British recognition of the Confederacy by skillfully handling the Trent affair in late 1861.

From the early 1830s, Lincoln was a steadfast Whig and professed to friends in 1861 to be, " an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay ".

On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort.

After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

In March 1861, in his First Inaugural Address, Lincoln explored the nature of democracy.

* 1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D. C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.

Portions of Hay's diaries and letters from 1861 – 1870, published in the book Lincoln and the Civil War, show Lincoln in a far more intimate light.

Abraham Lincoln, in his first inaugural address on March 4, 1861, specifically referenced the Corwin Amendment:

This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, as Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt ( plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives ) had to wait four months before they, and the incoming-Congresses, could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively.

By the end of August 1861, Grant was given charge of the District of Cairo by Maj. Gen John C. Fremont, an outside Lincoln appointment, who viewed Grant as " a man of dogged persistence, and iron will.

The museum was instituted as part of the centenary celebrations of the engineer-statesman Sir M. Visvesvaraya ( 1861 – 1962 ).

In 1861, University defeated Melbourne to win the first ever trophy for Australian football, instituted as part of the Calendonian Society's Games.

In 1861, at the request of Bishop Wood, Mother Warde opened a convent at Philadelphia, where free schools and the works of mercy were instituted.

The Prussian Order of the Crown was Prussia's lowest ranking order of chivalry, and was instituted in 1861.

After Scott retired in October 1861, the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, adopted the idea of a decoration to recognize and honor distinguished naval service.

On November 8, 1861 the Union naval ship, USS San Jacinto, under the command of Capt.

The Confederate States Navy ( CSN ) was the naval branch of the Confederate States armed forces, established by an act of the Confederate Congress on February 21, 1861.

In February 1861 the Confederate Navy had thirty ships, only fourteen of which were seaworthy, while the Union Navy had ninety vessels ; the C. S. Navy eventually grew to 101 ships to meet the rise in naval conflicts and enemy threats.

In June 1861, Semmes, in Sumter, outran the Union sloop-of-war Brooklyn, breached the Union blockade at New Orleans, and then launched a brilliant career as one of the greatest commerce raider captains in naval history.

The Highflyer's captain, Captain Shadwell, was an expert on naval astronomy ( subsequently being appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1861 ) and he taught Fisher much about navigation, with spectacular later results.

Beresford joined the Royal Navy in 1859 aged 13, following preparatory education at Stubbington House School, and started his training as a cadet at the naval training academy HMS Britannia ; successfully completing his passing-out examination in March 1861.

A biography within an 1819 publication of The Gentleman's Magazine, however, records in a short biography entitled Life and Exploits of Admiral Benbow by D. Parkes that he was born in 1650, as does the 1861 Sea kings and naval heroes by John George Edgar.

Joseph Arthur Hamilton Beresford, Australian naval commander, and hero of the capture of German New Guinea during the Great War, was born at Laugharne in 1861.

In June 1861 he was made president of a board in Washington formed to develop a plan of naval operations against the Confederacy.

After graduating from the naval academy in 1861, he served in the Chincha Islands War ( 1864-1866 ) and the War of the Pacific ( 1879-1883 ).

The ship was purchased in 1861 and was later transformed into a warship at Meyer naval shipyard in Linz, being christened " România " when it was launched at Galați harbor.

Giovanni de Arrigo Arnolfini married, and was survived by, Giovanna ( Jeanne ) Cenami, and they were the couple thought to be the shown in the Arnolfini Portrait from 1861 until 1994, when a French naval historian, Jacques Paviot, discovered in the Ducal accounts that the Duke had in 1447 presented two silver pots to " Jehan Arnoulphin " on his marriage-by this time Van Eyck had been dead for six years.

Having decided on a naval career Lamberton transferred to the Naval Academy, and was appointed midshipman on September 21, 1861.

Tattnall commanded Southern naval units during the defense of Port Royal until the harbor was captured by Union forces on 7 November 1861.

Soon after the battle, on Sunday, July 7, 1861, the Confederates first used naval mines, unsuccessfully, off the Aquia Landing batteries.

However, Butler did send an expedition up the Back River with naval support on June 24, 1861 which destroyed 14 transports and several small boats which had supplies for the Confederate forces.

It was created on 5 August 1861 for the naval commander and politician Admiral Sir Maurice Berkeley.

In 1861, a Russian naval ship occupied a port of Tsushima.

Military of the Powers during the Boxer Rebellion, with their naval ensigns, from left to right: File: Flag of Italy ( 1861-1946 ) crowned. svg | 18px | ( Naval ensign of Italy in 1900 ) Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 – 1946 ) | Italy, File: US flag 45 stars. svg | 18px | ( Flag of the United States in 1900 ) United States, File: Civil and Naval Ensign of France. svg | 18px | ( Naval ensign of France ) French Third Republic | France, File: Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant. svg | 18px | ( Naval flag of Austria Hungary in 1900 ) Austria-Hungary, File: Naval Ensign of Japan. svg | 18px | ( Naval flag of Japan ) Empire of Japan | Japan, File: War Ensign of Germany 1892-1903. svg | 18px | border | Naval flag of the German Empire German Empire | Germany, File: Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom. svg | 18px | border | ( White Ensign of the United Kingdom ) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | United Kingdom, File: Naval Jack of Russia. svg | 18px | ( Naval jack of Russia ) Russian Empire | Russia.

Sir Richard Saunders Dundas, KCB ( 11 April 1802 – 3 June 1861 ) was a British naval officer and was the British First Sea Lord from 1857 to 1858 and again from 1859 until his death in 1861.