Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861, but its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to increase revolutionary pressures.

The Statuto Albertino remained at the basis of the Kingdom's legal system even after Italian unification was achieved and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

When the Civil War started in 1861, Akerman joined the Confederate Army and achieved the rank of Colonel.

In many fields, it was a success ideologically in the sense that a relatively true republic was established that never had a single dictator, but slavery was only abolished with the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), and Civil Rights given to African-Americans became achieved in the 1960s.

Performers of classical music of note include Catherine Hayes, ( 1818 – 1861 ) Ireland's first great international prima donna and the first Irish woman to perform at La Scala in Milan ; tenor John McCormack ( 1884 – 1945 ), the most celebrated tenor of his day ; opera singer Margaret Burke-Sheridan ( 1889 – 1958 ); tenor Josef Locke ( 1917 – 1999 ) achieved global success and was the subject of the 1991 film Hear My Song ; the concert flautist Sir James Galway and pianist Barry Douglas.

The Statuto remained the basis of the legal system even after Italian unification was achieved in 1861 and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy.

His first successful work was achieved in October 1861.

Hunt achieved some fame in the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, when his four-gun battery covered the retreat of a Union force with a close-in artillery duel.

Shortly after his arrival in India he proceeded on service with the Sikkim Field Force and was afterwards appointed adjutant 6th Battalion Bengal Artillery at Agra where he died from cholera on July 20, 1861 having achieved the rank of captain.

Ralph Modjeski, 1931Ralph Modjeski ( January 27, 1861 – June 26, 1940 ) was a Polish-born American civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States.

He achieved the rank of Lieutenant in 1843 and had not received further promotion when he resigned from the service in April 1861.

The major objective of the war since 1861 had finally been achieved.

After the war, he entered the U. S. House of Representatives and achieved national prominence as a States ' rights Democrat, serving from March 4, 1853, to January 12, 1861.

Robert O ' Hara Burke ( 6 May 1820 or 1821 – c. 28 June 1861 ) was an Irish soldier and police officer, who achieved fame as an Australian explorer.

After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.

In March 1861, in his First Inaugural Address, Lincoln explored the nature of democracy.

* 1861 – First performance of Arthur Sullivan's debut success, his suite of incidental music for The Tempest, leading to a career that included the famous Gilbert and Sullivan operas.

* 1861 – Edith Roosevelt, American wife of Theodore Roosevelt, 27th First Lady of the United States ( d. 1948 )

* 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.

Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870 – 1871 ), the First and Second Boer Wars ( 1880 – 81 and 1899 – 1902 ), the First ( 1914 – 1918 ) and Second World Wars ( 1939 – 1945 ) and the First Indochina War ( 1946 – 1954 ).

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

* 1861 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.

* 1861 – American Civil War: at the order of President Abraham Lincoln, Union troops begin a 25 mile march into Virginia for what will become the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major land battle of the war.

* 1861 – American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run – at Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war begins and ends in a victory for the Confederate army.

In another instance of devotion to detail, he laboured over the official First Symphony for almost fifteen years, from about 1861 to 1876.

* 1861 – The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.

* 1861 – The First Transcontinental Telegraph line across the United States is completed, spelling the end for the 18-month-old Pony Express.

First experiments with RGB in early color photography were made in 1861 by Maxwell himself, and involved the process of three color-filtered separate takes.

* September 30 – Edith Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States ( b. 1861 )

Brahms's First Piano Concerto in D minor ( pub 1861 ) was the result of an immense amount of work on a mass of material originally intended for a symphony.

The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and on 24 January 1861 the Carabinieri were appointed the " First Force " of the new national military organization.

This was a new regiment yet to be raised, and Sherman's first command was actually of a brigade of three-month volunteers, at the head of which he became one of the few Union officers to distinguish himself at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, where he was grazed by bullets in the knee and shoulder.

These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City, Nevada to Salt Lake City, Utah.

In the first two years of the war, four major attempts had failed: the first foundered just miles away from Washington, D. C., at the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in July 1861.

It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) fought in 1861 on the same ground.

Custer graduated as the last of 34 cadets in the Class of June 1861 from the United States Military Academy, just after the start of the Civil War.

Born in Windsor, Connecticut, he graduated from Yale in 1861, where he was Class Poet and a member of Skull and Bones.

The occupants at the time were Joseph Howe Wales and the geologist Samuel Franklin Emmons, both Class of 1861.

No large towns appeared in the department during the years of France's industrialisation, and its official population total of 388, 500, reached in 1861, turned out to be a peak level which has not been matched subsequently.

On May 8, 1950 the Red River reached its highest level at Winnipeg since 1861.

Innerleithen's population rose from 1130 ( 1861 census ) to it current level of over 2500.

According to the subsequent censuses the population fell between 1801 and 1861 when it was 105. it remained around this level into the 20th century and in 1931 was still only 115.

When he returned to Romania, at the end of 1861, Titu Maiorescu was eager to contribute to the progress of the recently formed state, after the Union of 1859, of the cultural and political life, of a European level.

Having failed to secure compromise at the federal level, Crittenden returned to Kentucky in early 1861, attempting to persuade his home state to reject the overtures of fellow southern states and remain in the Union.

When it opened in 1861, the dock consisted of an outer basin which was tidal, and an inner floating dock, where the water level was maintained by a single gate, which included a buoyancy chamber.

This caused a drop to 678 ( almost the 1861 level ).

Even after the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, a peasant in his everyday work normally had little independence from obshchina, governed at the village level ( mir ) by the full assembly of the community ( skhod ).

By radically urging secessionism in the South, the Fire-Eaters demonstrated the high level of sectionalism existing in the U. S. during the 1850s, and they materially contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

Since the first battery at Aquia was at the river level and intended mainly to protect the railroad terminal, the Confederates strengthened defenses at Aquia before May 29, 1861 by the addition of a second battery atop the bluffs to the south of the confluence of the Aquia Creek with the Potomac River as originally selected by the scouting party.