* 1861 – With the Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy.

( 2010 ) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Italian unification.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

After Italian unification, the Pope remains head of state of Vatican City.

Probably the most important legacy of the Italian rule-according to historians like Chapin Metz-is the political creation of " Libya " with the unification of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in 1934, done by Governor Italo Balbo.

The governor Balbo ( after the creation of " Libya " in 1934, with the unification of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in a single country ) developed Italian Libya from 1934 to 1940, creating a huge infrastructure ( from 4, 000 km of roads to 400 km of narrow gauge railways to new industries and to dozen of new agricultural villages ).

Starting with the unification of Italy in 1861, a wide and increasing economic divide has been noticeably growing between the northern provinces and the southern half of the Italian state.

The Italian language adopted by the state after the unification of Italy is based on the Tuscan, which beforehand was a language spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society.

Italian often was an official language of the various Italian states predating unification, slowly usurping Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers ( such as the Spanish in the Kingdom of Naples, or the Austrians in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia ), even though the masses spoke primarily vernacular languages and dialects.

This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after, and pushed the Italian language into a lingua franca used not only among clerks, nobility and functionaries in the Italian courts but also in the bourgeoisie.

* Republic Day, celebrates the independence of Somalia from Italy and the unification of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland to form Somali Republic.

This would prove a major obstacle to Italian unification.

In 1861 Severn was appointed British Consul in Rome during the ferment over Italian unification.

On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome, during the reign of Pope Pius IX, and France's defeat at Sedan, completed Italian unification, and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.

During the Italian unification, the number of people speaking the Italian language was even lower.

In these cases, the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement clearly precede the unification of the German and Italian nation states.

He can be seen as marginal contributor to Italian unification.

Without these two events, Italian unification would have been a more prolonged process.

In 1825 and 1853, new attempts to submit it to the Papal States failed ; and its wish to be left out of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Italian unification in the mid-nineteenth century was granted, since it had offered a safe refuge to numerous supporters of unification in earlier years.

The First Vatican Council had been held nearly a century before but had been cut short when the Italian Army entered the city of Rome at the end of Italian unification.

The Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940 saw mounted cavalry used effectively by the Greek defenders along the mountainous frontier with Albania.

Thus Fermi saw the theory published in Italian and in German before it was published in English.

Yugoslavia, Greece and Ethiopia requested extradition of 1, 200 Italian war criminals who however never saw anything like Nuremberg trial, because the British government with the beginning of cold war saw in Pietro Badoglio a guarantee of an anti-communist post-war Italy.

Mussolini and the Italian Fascists saw Albania as a historical part of the Roman Empire, and the occupation was intended to fulfill Mussolini's dream of creating an Italian Empire.

As reports, in the 16th century, Catholic writers " associated Machiavelli with the Protestants, whereas Protestant authors saw him as Italian and Catholic ".

The pontificates of Urban II and Paschal II saw an expansion in the College of Cardinals of Italian clerics that strengthened the local Roman influence.

In 1914, the Somaliland Camel Corps was formed in the British Somaliland protectorate and saw service before, during, and after the Italian invasion of the territory during World War II.

However, it is obvious that 1964 saw the breakthrough of this genre, with more than twenty ( mostly co -) productions from Italian companies and also more than half a dozen Westerns by Spanish only or Spanish and American companies.

It stems from early telescope observations of Mars by astronomers from the 19th-century who believed they saw straight lines on the planet, the first of them being the Italian Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1877.

The fate of Milan saw the submission of Brescia and Placentia and many other northern Italian cities.

Italian nationalists and the public saw this as an injustice and an outrage ; there had been over 600, 000 Italian casualties.

When the War of the Polish Succession began in 1733, Philip and Elisabeth saw another opportunity to advance the claims of their sons and recover at least part of the former possessions of the Spanish crown on the Italian peninsula.

Pope Nicholas V ( Italian: Niccolò V ) ( 15 November 1397 – 24 March 1455 ), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from 6 March 1447 until his death in 1455 .. The Pontificate of Nicholas saw the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

Signings such as Yohan Cabaye, Italian international Davide Santon and Senegalese striker Demba Ba in cut-price deals saw Newcastle adopt a new transfer policy, one which would be met with success in the season.

It stems from early telescope observations of Mars by 19th century astronomers who, beginning with Italian Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1877, believed they saw straight lines on the planet.

The Frankish armies saw the Italian conflict as an opportunity for plunder and a chance to exert their own claims to northern Italy.

In 1946, due to a referendum, the monarchy was abolished, and 2 June 1946 saw the birth of the Italian Republic.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Italy saw a period of rapid modernization and sustained economic growth, the so-called Italian economic miracle.

Though his first Italian visit is recognized as a crucial chapter in the development of Velázquez's style – and in the history of Spanish Royal Patronage, since Philip IV sponsored his trip – we know rather little about the details and specifics: what the painter saw, whom he met, how he was perceived and what innovations he hoped to introduce into his painting.

In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Arcipelago ( from medieval Greek * ἀρχιπέλαγος ) was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands ( since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands ).

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century Italian Marco Polo describe how this was obtained by sublimation from zinc ores and condensed onto clay or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at Kush in Iran.

In 2000, an excavation focusing on ancient ruins on Nelson's Island under Italian archaeologist Paolo Gallo uncovered a number of graves that date from the battle, as well as others buried there during the 1801 invasion.

A number of other European languages have cognate words that were borrowed from the Germanic languages during the Middle Ages, including brog in Irish, bwr or bwrc, meaning " wall, rampart " in Welsh, bourg in French, burg in Catalan ( in Catalonia there is a town named Burg ), borgo in Italian, and burgo in Spanish ( hence the place-name Burgos ).

As a boy he knew Virgil by heart and composed a number of poems in Italian and Latin.

In the Aeneid, Aeneas skirts the Italian island where Circe now dwells, and hears the cries of her many victims, who now number more than the pigs of earlier accounts:

There was a general reduction in the number of cavalry regiments in the British, French, Italian and other Western armies but it was still argued with conviction ( for example in the 1922 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ) that mounted troops had a major role to play in future warfare.

Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4, 000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France.

Cervantes makes a number of references to the Italian poem Orlando furioso.

The Italian director-producer Mario Zampi also made a number of successful black comedies, including Laughter in Paradise ( 1951 ), The Naked Truth ( 1957 ) and Too Many Crooks ( 1958 ).

Because of the large number of races which were being termed ' Grands Prix ', the AIACR formally recognised the most important race of each of its affiliated national automobile clubs as International Grands Prix, or Grandes Épreuves, and in 1933 Monaco was ranked as such alongside the French, Belgian, Italian, and Spanish Grands Prix.

The Italian Socialist Party opposed the war on the grounds of internationalism, but a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists supported intervention against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the grounds that their reactionary regimes needed to be defeated to ensure the success of socialism.

To appeal to Italian conservatives, Fascism adopted policies such as promoting family values, including promotion policies designed to reduce the number of women in the workforce limiting the woman's role to that of a mother.

In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families, and initiated policies designed to reduce the number of women employed.

Italian Fascism's economy was based on corporatism, and a number of other fascist movements similarly promoted corporatism.

In Italy, the Fascist period presided over the creation of the largest number of state-owned enterprises in Western Europe, such as the nationalisation of petroleum companies into a single state enterprise called the Italian General Agency for Petroleum ( Azienda Generale Italiani Petroli, AGIP ).

As the Axis forces dug in, Auchinleck — having drawn a number of German units to the coastal sector during the Tel el Eisa fighting — developed a plan — codenamed Operation Bacon — to attack the Italian Pavia and Brescia Divisions in the centre of the front at the Ruweisat ridge.

Italian dead were estimated to number 9, 500 to 12, 000.

Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars.

Giovanni Boccaccio (; 1313 – 21 December 1375 ) was an Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular.

A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.

These include a large number of ethnic restaurants including Chinese, Thai, Greek, Pakistani, Italian, Indian and Mexican.