This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U. S. Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

But in spite of the best efforts of Atchison and the Ruffians, Kansas did reject slavery and finally became a free state in 1861.

Gradually, Elizabeth became an unwelcome presence among the male students who in 1861, presented a memorial to the school against her admittance as a fellow student.

Tuscany became a province of the United Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

In 1857, the king had a stroke and his brother William became regent, then became King William I in 1861.

From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until in 1861 the American Civil War cut off the supplies of raw cotton.

There, he became State's attorney for the twenty-seventh judicial district of Illinois, holding the position from March 1861 to December 1868.

Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) in 1861, at the foundation of the order.

* 1861 – Edward Clark became Governor of Texas, replacing Sam Houston, who has been evicted from the office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.

In 1861 the Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers were raised as a militia, but soon became a military reserve force.

The regent became King William I upon his brother's death in 1861.

When the country could not reconcile the issue of slavery and the federal union, the southern Presbyterians split from the original PCUSA, forming the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America in 1861, which became the Presbyterian Church in the United States after the American Civil War.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage ( after New Zealand ), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

In 1861 he became the editor and proprietor of the Dublin University Magazine and he began to take advantage of double publication, first serializing in the Dublin University Magazine, then revising for the English market.

Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to a maximum of 31, 670 in 1861.

Around the time of the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) he became quite successful as a riverboater.

William and Jane had two daughters, Jane Alice ( Jenny ), born January 1861, who developed epilepsy in her teens, and Mary ( May ) ( March 1862 – 1938 ), who became the editor of her father's works, a prominent socialist, and an accomplished designer and craftswoman.

In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U. S. school to award the PhD.

Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding Romagna area became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

After the plebiscite later that year Palermo and the whole of Sicily became part of the new Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 ).

The history of the post-war U. S. military presence in the Valley is preserved at Fort Garland and other sites in the Valley, which became part of the Territory of Colorado in 1861.

A few years later, in 1861 the US Army killed some of Cochise ’ s relatives near Apache Pass, in what became known as the Bascom Affair.

It was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia ( which in 1861 became the Kingdom of Italy ) from 1324 to 1720 and from 1798 to 1814.

Narendra became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and had correspondence with him ; he translated Spencer's book Education ( 1861 ) into Bengali.

Stuart was promoted to captain on April 22, 1861, but resigned from the U. S. Army on May 3, 1861, to join the Confederate States Army, following the secession of Virginia.

Early in the spring of 1861, Mathews was commissioned a captain in the Confederate Army and given orders to organize a company of soldiers from among sympathetic Native Americans, specifically, the Quapaw.

Meade was promoted from captain to brigadier general of volunteers on August 31, 1861, a few months after the start of the Civil War, based on the strong recommendation of Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin.

He remained there, joined by Allie and the children, until the Civil War broke out in 1861, serving as a captain and assistant quartermaster under future Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston.

He was promoted to first lieutenant in March 1861, just before the Civil War, and to captain in May, immediately after Fort Sumter.

Humphreys was commissioned a captain in the Confederate States Army in 1861.

His first occupation was as a schoolteacher, but upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the Confederate Army as a private in the 5th Kentucky Infantry in September 1861, rising to the rank of captain within short order.

After learning of the secession of his home state of Georgia, Alexander resigned his U. S. Army commission on May 1, 1861, to join the Confederate Army as a captain of engineers.

In May 1861 Clayton was formally mustered into the Union Army as a captain of the 1st Kansas Infantry.

At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Beall resigned his commission and was appointed as a captain of cavalry in the Confederate Army.

The Highflyer's captain, Captain Shadwell, was an expert on naval astronomy ( subsequently being appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1861 ) and he taught Fisher much about navigation, with spectacular later results.

Born 18 February 1861 in Greenock, Scotland, the son of William Wilson Somerset Bridges ( a Royal Navy captain ) and Mary Hill Throsby

He was promoted to captain in March 1861, but soon accepted a captaincy in the Confederate Adjutant General's Department.

By the time the ordinance of secession had passed in May 1861, Vance was a captain stationed in Raleigh, commanding a company known as the " Rough and Ready Guards ," part of the Fourteenth North Carolina Regiment.

He joined the Confederate army as a cavalry captain, but by September 30, 1861, was promoted to be colonel of the 4th Texas Infantry.

" Here ," says the captain in his narrative, began an epoch in my life which was of great importance: a connection which led directly to fortune and which never ended but with the life of my cousin ( John P. Cushing, then head of the house of Perkins & Co., Canton ), in April 1861.

In his letter of resignation, effective February 1861, Ross informed Houston of his encounter with Dalrymple, and noted that he did not believe a Ranger company could be effective if the captain did not report solely to the Governor.

Young joined Company F, of the Benton Cadets ( a Missouri militia unit ) as a captain in September 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War, but resigned in December.

At Fort Pickens, on January 15, 1861 and January 18, 1861, Slemmer refused demands for surrender from Florida militia Colonel William Henry Chase, who had designed and constructed the fort as a captain in the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, and held the fort against Confederate threat of attack and until reinforced and relieved in April 1861.

In April 1861, Professor Pletschke became the captain of the Appleton Light Infantry, with one T. R.

His permanent ( regular army ) promotions to captain and major were in 1852 and 1861, respectively.

Shortly after his arrival in India he proceeded on service with the Sikkim Field Force and was afterwards appointed adjutant 6th Battalion Bengal Artillery at Agra where he died from cholera on July 20, 1861 having achieved the rank of captain.