The one of 1861 made clear that in making their government the people were acting through their states, whereas the Preamble of 1787-89 expressed, as clearly as language can, the opposite concept, that they were acting directly as citizens.

On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort.

The ends of the tunnel were sealed in the fall of 1861.

Between 1861 and 1871, the Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdülmecid I were continued under the leadership of his chief ministers, Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha and Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha.

In 1861, outlying suburbs including Wedding, Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin.

The names dyne and erg were first proposed as units of force and energy in 1861 by Everett.

In several stages between 1816 and 1861, the 21 existing Light Dragoon regiments in the British Army were disbanded or converted to lancers or hussars.

In 1861 the two existing U. S. Dragoon regiments were re-designated as the 1st and 2nd Cavalry.

Electricity and magnetism ( and light ) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his " On Physical Lines of Force " in 1861 and 1862.

Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners ; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War ; Thurman was generally well liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the silver question were uncertain.

After Italy was unified in 1861, many of Verdi's early operas were re-interpreted as Risorgimento works with hidden Revolutionary messages that probably had not been intended by either the composer or librettist.

The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Russia in 1861 and Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire.

The articles comprising London Labour and the London Poor were initially collected into three volumes in 1851 ; the 1861 edition included a fourth volume, co-written with Bracebridge Hemyng, John Binny and Andrew Halliday, on the lives of prostitutes, thieves and beggars.

In the American Civil War ( 1861 – 65 ), as was typical of the 19th century, more soldiers died of disease than in battle, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease and accidents.

The first milestones in the Japanese media history were newspapers in the Meiji period, the first being the Nagasaki Shipping List & Advertiser, founded 1861 in Nagasaki, with the telegraph and telephone following suit.

In July 1860, with European intervention threatening, the Turkish government tried to quiet the strife, but Napoleon III of France sent 7, 000 troops to Beirut and helped impose a partition: The Druze control of the territory was recognized as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites were forced into an enclave, arrangements ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861.

During the period of the semi-autonomous province ( Mutasarrifia ) period of Mount Lebanon between 1861 and 1914, no Turkish troops were allowed to station within its boundary.

The current limits of the Spanish territory around the fortress were fixed by treaties with Morocco in 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1894.

In 1861 the Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers were raised as a militia, but soon became a military reserve force.

Until 1861 the militia were an entirely infantry force, but in that year a number of county regiments were converted to artillery.

In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140, 000 students in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology.

In Lebanon, modern police were established in 1861, with creation of the Gendarmerie.

Between 1855 and 1867, an outpouring of great Verdi operas followed, among them such repertory staples as Un ballo in maschera ( 1859 ), La forza del destino ( commissioned by the Imperial Theatre of Saint Petersburg for 1861 but not performed until 1862 ), and a revised version of Macbeth ( 1865 ).

After its 1857 premiere, Simon Boccanegra was performed in Malta in 1860, Madrid and Lisbon in 1861, and Buenos Aires in 1862.

The research of Professor Richard Stribeck ( 1861 – 1950 ) was performed in Berlin at the Royal Prussian Technical Testing Institute ( MPA, now BAM ).

A critical edition of all versions of the opera ( including material from the original 1861 score which had never been performed as written ) has been prepared by musicologist Philip Gossett of the University of Chicago.

The critical edition of the 1869 version was performed by the San Francisco Opera in November 2005 while the Caramoor International Music Festival gave a concert performance of the 1862 version plus never-performed vocal pieces from the 1861 version at the July 2008 festival.

In 1861, to raise funds for a new organ at St Paul's Goss set up and conducted a performance of Messiah, the first oratorio to be performed in St Paul's.

He performed for the American Cricket Club in both 1861 and 1862, often playing against the all-England team whenever he could, whether at the Elysian Fields or elsewhere.

In 1861, he performed at the Royal Portobello Gardens, on South Circular Road, Portobello, Dublin, on a rope 50 feet above the ground.

In late 1861 he became Commanding Officer of the new gunboat Cayuga, in which he performed distinguished service during the 1862 campaigns to capture New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River.

The song was premiered by lyricist Harry McCarthy during a concert in Jackson, Mississippi, in the spring of 1861 and performed again in September of that same year at the New Orleans Academy of Music for the First Texas Volunteer Infantry regiment mustering in celebration.

In Italy, with Verdi sanctioning the removal of the thirty-minute ballet ( a ballet being customary in Paris at the time ), the 1855 / 1856 season saw the Italian version of the opera performed nine times and, after 1861 in the new post-unification era, it reverted to its original name.

On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter, forcing them to surrender, and began the war.

After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.

Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired on a U. S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.

Although it had at first been somewhat established in many colonies, in 1861 it was ruled that, except where specifically established, the Church of England had just the same legal position as any other church.

* 1861 – American Civil War: US Navy squadron captures forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina.

He married secondly at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1861 to HH Edâdil Kadın Efendi ( 1845 – Dolmabahçe Palace, 12 December 1875 ), and had one child.

Aberdare, during its boom years, was considered a centre of Welsh culture: it hosted the first National Eisteddfod in 1861, again in 1885, and in 1956 at Aberdare Park where the Gorsedd standing stones still exist.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

The first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9, 1861.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) was unusual for at least two reasons: it was fought around regional identities, rather than political ideologies, and it was ended through a war of attrition, rather than over a decisive battle over control of the capital, as was the norm.

From there it spread to the United States, arriving at Yale University in 1861, and then to the United Kingdom in 1921.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama.

Between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was titled Governor-General in an early attempt at federalism imposed by Earl Grey.

The story opens in April 1861 at the " Tara " plantation, which is owned by a wealthy Irish immigrant family, the O ' Haras.

* 1861 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.

* 1861 – American Civil War: at the order of President Abraham Lincoln, Union troops begin a 25 mile march into Virginia for what will become the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major land battle of the war.

* 1861 – American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run – at Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war begins and ends in a victory for the Confederate army.

Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) in 1861, at the foundation of the order.

He attended Harrow School, before going on to the University of Cambridge in 1861 where he studied mathematics at Trinity College.

The Bambara Empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to 1861, was based at Ségou ( also seen as Segu ), and ruled parts of central and southern Mali.

After being bedridden with a case of pneumonia during the fall of 1861, Martin Van Buren died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2: 00 a. m. on July 24, 1862.

The first grandstand at the MCG was the original wooden members ’ stand built in 1854, while the first public grandstand was a 200-metre long 6000-seat temporary structure built in 1861.

Her grandfather, Russell Crawford Mitchell, of Atlanta, enlisted in the Confederate States Army in July 1861, and was later severely wounded at the Battle of Sharpsburg.

The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that was an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861.