In 1874 Karl Ferdinand Braun observed conduction and rectification in metallic sulphides, and Arthur Schuster found that a copper oxide layer on wires has rectification properties that ceases when the wires are cleaned.

Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike ( 1874 – 1949 ), who observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes.

Stone observed the transit of Venus of 1874 at the Cape, and organized the government expeditions for the corresponding event in 1882.

Thus in 1857 he went to Peru in order to determine the magnetic equator ; in 1861 – 1862 and 1864, he studied telluric absorption in the solar spectrum in Italy and Switzerland ; in 1867 he carried out optical and magnetic experiments at the Azores ; he successfully observed both transits of Venus, that of 1874 in Japan, that of 1882 at Oran in Algeria ; and he took part in a long series of solar eclipse-expeditions, e. g. to Trani ( 1867 ), Guntur ( 1868 ), Algiers ( 1870 ), Siam ( 1875 ), the Caroline Islands ( 1883 ), and to Alcosebre in Spain ( 1905 ).

Before Koplik, the German internist Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt ( 1833-1902 ) in 1874, the Danish physician N. Flindt in 1879, and the Russian Nil Filatov ( 1847-1902 ) in 1895, had observed equivalent phenomena.

In 1874 – 1875, British, German and U. S. expeditions visited Kerguelen to observe the transit of Venus.

He took part in the French expeditions of 1874 to Japan, and in 1882 to Martinique to observe the transits of Venus.

He went on several scientific expeditions, including the Transits of Venus of 1874 and 1882.

Juewa was discovered from Beijing by the visiting American astronomer James Craig Watson on October 10, 1874 ; Watson was in China to observe the transit of Venus.

He directed an expedition to photograph the 1874 transit of Venus, and was the first to photograph the Orion Nebula, on September 30, 1880.

law degrees from NYU and the University of Wisconsin – Madison in 1882, a Congressional medal for directing the U. S. expedition to photograph the 1874 transit of Venus, and election to both the National Academy of Sciences and the Astronomische Gesellschaft.

A transit of Venus occurred on 8 December 1874 and 6 December 1882.

In 1874, he prepared several expeditions to monitor the transit of Venus across the solar disk in eastern Asia, Caucasus, Persia and Egypt.

While studying there, in 1874 – 1875, Struve participated in an expedition to observe transit of Venus through the disk of the Sun.

This was followed by a long series of popular treatises in rapid succession, amongst the more important of which are Light Science for Leisure Hours and The Sun ( 1871 ); The Orbs around Us and Essays on Astronomy ( 1872 ); The Expanse of Heaven, The Moon and The Borderland of Science ( 1873 ); The Universe and the Coming Transits and Transits of Venus ( 1874 ); Our Place among Infinities ( 1875 ); Myths and Marvels of Astronomy ( 1877 ); The Universe of Stars ( 1878 ); Flowers of the Sky ( 1879 ); The Poetry of Astronomy ( 1880 ); Easy Star Lessons and Familiar Science Studies ( 1882 ); Mysteries of Time and Space and The Great Pyramid ( 1883 ); The Universe of Suns ( 1884 ); The Seasons ( 1885 ); Other Suns than Ours and Half-Hours with the Stars ( 1887 ).

He also vigorously criticized the official arrangements for observing the transits of Venus of 1874 and 1882.

Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable celestial phenomena and occur in pairs, eight years apart, which are themselves separated by more than a century: The previous transit of Venus took place on 8 June 2004 ( preceded by the pair of appearances on 9 December 1874 and 6 December 1882 ), and the next pair of transits will occur on 10 – 11 December 2117 and in December 2125.

The 1874 transit of Venus awakened his interest in astronomy, which he pursued full-time starting in 1894.

In 1873, he took a job with the Alvan Clark and Sons Company producing telescopes in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which then came under contract with the U. S. Navy to conduct observations of the transit of Venus on December 8, 1874, resulting in Tainter being sent with one of its observation expeditions to New Zealand.

In 1874 the island was visited by a French scientific expedition intending to view the Transit of Venus.

In 1874 he was part of an expedition led by Pietro Tacchini to observe a transit of Venus with a spectroscope.

Using the Adelaide Observatory, completed in 1860 and which was thoroughly equipped with astronomical and meteorological instruments and he contributed valuable observations to the scientific world on the transits of Venus in 1874 and 1882, the cloudy haze over Jupiter in 1876, the parallax of Mars in 1878, and on other occasions.

In September 1874 a French astronomical mission conveyed by the sailing ship La Dive spent just over three months on Saint-Paul to observe the transit of Venus ; geologist Charles Vélain took the opportunity to make a significant geological survey of the island.

In 1874 he accompanied one of the parties sent out by the United States government to observe the transit of Venus, and was stationed at Queenstown, New Zealand.

In 1874 he led an expedition to Muddapur, India to observe the transit of Venus across the sun.

The name " Jaquemart " originates from the name of the Captain of the vessel of the French 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Campbell Island.

A tunnel project for the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad ( H & M ), a rapid transit line, began in 1874, and encountered serious engineering, financial and legal obstacles.

Johnson appointed one judge to the United States Court of Claims, Samuel Milligan, who served from 1868 to 1874.

Alfonso XII ( born Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo ) ( Madrid, 28 November 1857 – El Pardo, 25 November 1885 ) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d ' état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.

As editor of the Journal für praktische Chemie ( Journal of practical chemistry, from 1870 to 1884 ), Kolbe was sometimes so severely critical of the work of others, especially after about 1874, that some wondered whether he might have been suffering a mental illness.

Besides fulfilling other journalistic engagements, Beckett was on the staff of Punch from 1874 to 1902, edited the Sunday Times 1891-1895, and the Naval and Military Magazine in 1896.

Finds from Eadgils ' mound, left, excavated in 1874 at Gamla Uppsala | Uppsala In Sweden supported Beowulf and the sagas.

An 1874 newspaper illustration from Harper's Weekly, showing a man engaging in barter: offering chickens in exchange for his yearly newspaper subscription.

In the first election after the Act was passed ( 1885 ), thirteen were elected, up from two in 1874.

The name was really derived from the Norwegian blåhval, coined by Svend Foyn shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun ; the Norwegian scientist G. O. Sars adopted it as the Norwegian common name in 1874.

Between 1874 and 1921, the total population of Cambodia increased from about 946, 000 to 2. 4 million.

When Beaux arrived in Paris, the Impressionists, a group of artists who had begun their own series of independent exhibitions from the official Salon in 1874, were beginning to lose their solidarity.

Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886.

In 1872, the dispensary became the New Hospital for Women and Children, treating women from all over London for gynaecological conditions ; the hospital moved to new premises in Marleybone Street in 1874.

Elizabeth worked steadily at the development of the New Hospital for Women, and ( from 1874 ) at the creation of the London School of Medicine for Women.

* Fragments of Ennius ' Annals at The Latin Library ; text from Wordsworth ( 1874 ), line numbering from Warmington ( 1935 )

In 1874, Gilbert wrote a short libretto on commission from producer – conductor Carl Rosa, whose wife would have played the leading role, but her death in childbirth cancelled the project.

The First Spanish Republic ( 1873 – 1874 ) was immediately under siege from all quarters.

Alfonso XII of Spain was duly crowned on 28 December 1874 after returning from exile.

Sir John Tenniel is also the author of one of the mosaics, Leonardo da Vinci, in the South Court in the Victoria and Albert Museum ; while his highly stippled watercolour drawings appeared from time to time in the exhibitions of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, of which he had been elected a member in 1874.

* John Randall Walker ( 1874 – 1942 ), U. S. Representative from Georgia

The volume and value of river trade made Echuca Victoria's second port and in the decade from 1874 it underwent considerable expansion.

Neoclassical economics is frequently dated from William Stanley Jevons's Theory of Political Economy ( 1871 ), Carl Menger's Principles of Economics ( 1871 ), and Léon Walras's Elements of Pure Economics ( 1874 – 1877 ).

In the 1860s and 1870s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, but after about 1874, Funs fortunes faded.

First attested in English in 1874, the word pasta comes from Italian pasta, in turn from Latin pasta " dough, pastry cake ", itself the latinisation of the Greek παστά ( pasta ) " barley porridge ", in turn from παστός ( pastos ), " sprinkled with salt, salted ".