They contend that the Boers of the South African Republic ( ZAR ) and Orange Free State republics were recognized as a separate people or cultural group under international law by the Sand River Convention ( which created the South African Republic in 1852 ), the Bloemfontein Convention ( which created the Orange Free State Republic in 1854 ), the Pretoria Convention ( which re-established the independence of the South African Republic 1881 ), the London Convention ( which granted the full independence to the South African Republic in 1884 ) and the Vereeniging Peace Treaty, which formally ended the Second Anglo-Boer War on 31 May 1902.

" That rich island ," he wrote on 1 December 1881, " the key to the Gulf of Mexico, is, though in the hands of Spain, a part of the American commercial system … If ever ceasing to be Spanish, Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination.

Daniel Jones ( 12 September 1881 – 4 December 1967 ) was a London-born British phonetician who studied under Paul Passy, professor of phonetics at the École des Hautes Études at the Sorbonne ( University of Paris ).

In 1881 he left for the University of Vienna to complete his mathematics studies under the supervision of Leo Königsberger ( a former student of Weierstrass ).

Being a part of an informal system, hundis now have no legal status and were not covered under the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.

In the 17th century, under the orders of Pope Paul V, the Secret Archives were separated from the Vatican Library, where scholars had some very limited access to them, and remained absolutely closed to outsiders until 1881, when Pope Leo XIII opened them to researchers, more than a thousand of whom now examine its documents each year.

The Pretoria Convention of 1881 gave the Boers self-rule in the Transvaal, under British oversight.

In 1862, after Wallachia and Moldavia were united to form the Principality of Romania, Bucharest became the new nation's capital ; in 1881, it became the political centre of the newly-proclaimed Kingdom of Romania under Carol I.

On May 13, 1881, the Garfield Administration under Sec.

This version was premiered in 1881 ( under the conductor Hans Richter ).

In 1881, he became assistant in the chemistry department at the Carlsberg Laboratory under the chemist Johan Kjeldahl.

It was last created in 1881, for the fourth son of Queen Victoria ; the dukedom was then suspended under the Titles Deprivation Act after its holder fought on the side of Germany during World War I.

In 1881, under the leadership of Jacob Schoellkopf, Niagara River's first hydroelectric generating station was built.

* Payipwāt ( or Piapot: " who Knows the Secrets of the Sioux "), also known as " Hole in the Sioux " or Kisikawasan-‘ Flash in the Sky ’, Chief of the Cree-Assiniboine or the Young Dogs with great influence on neighboring Assiniboine, Downstream People, southern groups of the Upstream People and Saulteaux ( Plains Ojibwa ), born 1816, kidnapped as a child by the Sioux, he was freed about 1830 by Plains Cree, significant Shaman, most influential chief of the feared Young Dogs, convinced the Plains Cree to expand west in the Cypress Hills, the last refugee for bison groups, therefore disputed border area between Sioux, Assiniboine, Siksika Kainai and Cree, refused to participate in the raid on a Kainai camp near the present Lethbridge, Alberta, then the Young Dogs and their allies were content with the eastern Cypress Hills to the Milk River, Montana, does not participate at the negotiations on the Treaty 4 of 1874, he and Cheekuk, the most important chief of the Plains Ojibwa in the Qu ' Appelle area, signed on 9 September 1875 the treaty only as preliminary contract, tried with the chiefs of the River Cree Minahikosis (" Little Pine ") and Mistahi-maskwa (" Big Bear ") to erect a kind of Indian Territory for all the Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwa and Assiniboine-as Ottawa refused, he asked 1879-80 along with Kiwisünce ( cowessess-' Little Child ') and the Assiniboine for adjacent reserves in the Cypress Hills, Payipwāt settled in a reserve about 37 miles northeast of Fort Walsh, Minahikosis (" Little Pine ") and Papewes (‘ Lucky Man ’) asked successfully for reserves near the Assiniboine or Payipwāt-this allowed the Cree and Assiniboine to preserve their autonomy-because they went 1881 in Montana on bison hunting, stole Absarokee horses and alleged cattle killed, arrested the U. S. Army the Cree-Assiniboine group, disarmed and escorted them back to Canada-now unarmed, denied rations until the Cree and Assiniboine gave up their claims to the Cypress Hills and went north-in the following years the reserves changed several times and the tribes were trying repeated until to the Northwest Rebellion in 1885 to build an Indian Territory, Payipwāt remained under heavy guard, until his death he was a great spiritual leader, therefore Ottawa deposed Payipwāt on 15 April 1902 as chief, died in April 1908 on Piapot Reserve, Saskatchewan )

Ashgabat remained a part of Persia until 1881, when it was ceded to Tsarist Russia under the terms of Akhal Treaty.

John Clum, publisher of The Tombstone Epitaph, had helped organize the " Committee of Safety " ( a vigilance committee ) in Tombstone in late September 1881, and was elected as the city's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881.

After attempting to govern under these conditions for nearly two years, the prince, with the consent of the Russian tsar, Alexander assumed absolute power, having suspended the Constitution ( 9 May 1881 ).

After several years of operating under receiverships, Mahone's role as a railroad builder ended in 1881 when northern financial interests took control.

According to Lanciani the foundations of the temple were discovered in March 1881, under what was formerly the convent of S. Silvestro al Quirinale ( or degli Arcioni ), later the headquarters of the ( former ) Royal Engineers.

In 1881, 15 years of explosive development began under the leadership of Collis P. Huntington, whose new Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway from Richmond opened up transportation along the Peninsula and provided a new pathway for the railroad to bring West Virginia bituminous coal to port for coastal shipping and worldwide export.

In recognition of its broadened scope the " Metropolitan School of Science applied to Mining and the Arts ", as it was officially known, was re-established in 1881 as the " Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines ", under Huxley as dean, the name being based on that of the École Normale in Paris.

It received a post office in 1881 under the name Osgood after California Southern Railroad chief engineer Joseph O. Osgood ; the renaming was supposedly an unsuccessful attempt to convince Osgood to build the railroad through the San Luis Rey River valley ( the rail line eventually followed the Santa Margarita River instead ).

Operations ceased in 1878, and then resumed again in 1881 under a reorganized " Spurr Iron Mining Company ".

The city was named after William Windom, who served as a United States Senator from Minnesota from 1881 – 1883, and was United States Secretary of the Treasury under presidents James Garfield, Chester Arthur and Benjamin Harrison, by Judson W. Bishop.

* 1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell and Childers reforms of the British Army, comes into effect.

Under the reforms introduced by Secretary of State for War Hugh Childers in 1881, the remaining militia infantry regiments were redesignated as numbered battalions of regiments of the line, ranking after the two regular battalions.

With the 1881 Childers reforms that linked regular and reserve units into regimental families, the Robin Hood Battalion became part of The Sherwood Foresters ( Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment ).

The Black Watch was formed as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881 when the 42nd ( Royal Highland ) Regiment of Foot ( The Black Watch ) was amalgamated with the 73rd ( Perthshire ) Regiment of Foot to form two battalions of the newly named the Black Watch ( Royal Highlanders ).

The regiment was formed as part of the Childers Reforms on July 1, 1881 by the amalgamation of the 38th and 80th regiments of foot, which became the regular 1st and 2nd Battalions of the regiment.

In 1881 the 76th Regiment, which shared the same Depot in Halifax as the 33rd ( Duke of Wellington's ) Regiment, was linked to the 33rd, under the Childers Reforms, to become the regiment's 2nd Battalion.

The 76th was linked in 1881 with the regiment at that time titled 33rd ( Duke of Wellington's ) Regiment, whose training depot they shared in Halifax, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, due to the Childers Reforms ( a continuation of the Cardwell's Reforms of the armed forces ) to form the 2nd Battalion of the regiment.

Robert Childers Barton ( 4 March 1881 – 10 August 1975 ) was an Irish lawyer, soldier, statesman and farmer who participated in the negotiations leading up to the signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

As part of the Childers Reforms, the 63rd and the 96th Regiments of Foot amalgamated in 1881 to form The Manchester Regiment.

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Glencorse from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment.

On 1 July 1881, in accordance with the Childers Reforms of the army, the regiment merged with the 63rd Regiment of Foot to form the 2nd Battalion, Manchester Regiment.

In 1881, under the Childers Reforms when regimental numbers were abolished the regiment became The Royal Fusiliers ( City of London Regiment ).

The Black Watch was formed as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881 when the Royal Highland Regiment ( The Black Watch ) was amalgamated with the 73rd ( Perthshire ) Foot to form two battalions of the newly named Black Watch ( Royal Highlanders ).

It was formed in 1881 by the amalgamation of the 91st ( Princess Louise's Argyllshire ) Regiment and the 93rd ( Sutherland Highlanders ) Regiment as outlined in the Childers Reforms.

However, the War Office proved more amenable, and in early August 1881 a special Royal Engineer committee was instructed to inspect the torpedo at Chatham and report back directly to the Secretary of State for War, Hugh Childers.

In 1881 the regiment amalgamated with the 81st ( Loyal Lincoln Volunteers ) Regiment of Foot to form the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment as part of the Childers Reforms.

It was formed as the Welsh Regiment during the Childers Reforms of 1881, by the amalgamation of the 41st ( Welsh ) Regiment of Foot and the 69th ( South Lincolnshire ) Regiment of Foot.

The regiment was created in 1881 as part of the Childers reforms by the linking of the 22nd ( Cheshire ) Regiment of Foot and the militia and rifle volunteers of Cheshire.

The Dorsetshire Regiment was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 39th ( Dorsetshire ) Regiment of Foot and the 54th ( West Norfolk ) Regiment of Foot.

Under the Childers reforms all non-royal English infantry regiments were to wear white facings from 1881.

* In the Childers reforms of 1881 the East Kent Militia became the regiment's 3rd ( Militia ) Battalion ( 1881 – 1953 ) and its short-lived 4th ( Militia ) Battalion ( 1881 – 1888 ).

In 1881 the reorganisation of most infantry regiments on a territorial basis under the Childers Reforms led to the newly renamed " The Buffs ( East Kent Regiment )" losing its buff facings in favour of the white collars and cuffs intended to distinguish all non-Royal English and Welsh regiments.

In 1881, following reorganization of the British Army as part of the Childers reforms, the 9th Foot became the Norfolk Regiment ; from 1935, this was titled the Royal Norfolk Regiment.