During the mid-20th century, partly as a result of cases such as Powell v. Alabama, 287 U. S. 45 ( 1932 ); Smith v. Allwright, 321 U. S. 649 ( 1944 ); Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U. S. 1 ( 1948 ); Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U. S. 629 ( 1950 ); McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U. S. 637 ( 1950 ); NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U. S. 449 ( 1958 ); Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U. S. 454 ( 1960 ) and probably the most famous, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U. S. 483 ( 1954 ), the tide against segregation began to turn.

In 1944, the NAACP began its criticism of The Growth of the American Republic.

In November 1944, Marshall wrote an incendiary piece for Crisis magazine, published by the NAACP.

* 1944 – Continuation War: The Vyborg – Petrozavodsk Offensive, the largest offensive launched by Soviet Union against Finland during World War II, ends to a strategic stalemate.

Germany's last offensive on its Western front, Operation Wacht am Rhein, was an offensive launched towards the vital port of Antwerp in December 1944.

The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 which was turned back in early 1945 by the Allies after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage.

*, a Majestic-class light aircraft carrier launched in 1944, decommissioned in 1973, and broken up for scrap

* 1944 – Operation Queen, the costly Allied thrust to the Rur river was launched

Beginning in September 1944, over 3, 000 V-2s were launched as military rockets by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets during the war, mostly London and later Antwerp.

The Operation Pinguin V-2 offensive began on 8 September 1944, when Lehr-und Versuchsbatterie No. 444 () launched a single rocket guided by a radio beam directed at Paris.

In 1944, the United States Maritime Commission launched the SS Harriet Tubman, its first Liberty ship ever named for a black woman.

In late 1944, the German army launched a last-ditch offensive across Belgium, Luxembourg, and northeastern France, popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge, nominally led by German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt.

The port city was also the main objective of German armies in December ; the inability of the Allies to end the war in 1944 meant that Allied troops had to winter in Belgium, during which time the Ardennes Offensive was launched by the Germans, resulting in heavy fighting on Belgian soil that lasted into 1945.

On 22 June 1944 the huge Soviet offensive Operation Bagration was launched, Minsk was re-captured on 3 July 1944, and all of Belarus was regained by the end of August.

Between November 1944 and April 1945, Japan launched over 9, 300 fire balloons.

From late 1944 until early 1945, the Japanese launched over 9, 300 of these fire balloons, of which 300 were found or observed in the U. S. Despite the high hopes of their designers, the balloons were ineffective as weapons: causing only six deaths ( from one single incident ) and a small amount of damage.

In 1944 Japan launched its last major offensive, Operation Ichi-Go, against the KMT that severely weakened Chiang Kai-shek's forces.

Montgomery initially suggested Operation Comet, a limited airborne coup de main operation that was to be launched on 2 September 1944.

* USS Grafton ( APA-109 ), a Bayfield-class attack transport launched in 1944 and scrapped in 1974

* was a S-class submarine launched in 1944.

# Operation Overlord would be launched during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France.

The USS Kasota was a naval tugboat, launched in 1944 and struck from the Navy list in 1961.

In 1944, IBM launched the Executive, a proportionally spaced typewriter.

Joseph Stalin chose Bagration as the name of the Soviet offensive launched on 22 June 1944 that defeated the German Army Group Centre and drove the forces of Nazi Germany out of what is now Belarus.

The German Army launched a surprise attack in December, 1944, in an attempt to capture Antwerp and drive a wedge between the British and American forces in northern France.

The company's first comic book was Yellowjacket, an anthology of superhero and horror stories launched September 1944 under the imprint Frank Comunale Publications, with Ed Levy listed as publisher.

The battle launched the Philippines campaign of 1944 – 45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation.

Drew was strident in his criticism of the federal government of Mackenzie King, attacking its leadership in the Canadian war effort, chastizing it during the Conscription Crisis of 1944 for not instituting full conscription, and accusing it of attempting to centralize power.

The draconian law could not sustain relentless criticism, and it was abolished on March 15, 1944.

Reacting to the criticism — and pressure from Eleanor Roosevelt — by April 1944, HAP began placing incoming blacks into the “ white ” areas of the settlement.

Serge Daney ( June 4, 1944, Paris – June 12, 1992 ) was an influential French movie critic who went on from writing film reviews to developing a “ television criticism ” and onto building a personal theory of the image.

** A literary criticism on the Persian translation of Gogol's The Government Inspector 1944

Jonathan Culler ( born 1944 ) is a class of 1966 Harvard graduate and Professor of English at Cornell University ; his published works are in the fields of structuralism, literary theory and criticism.

Dialectic of Enlightenment () is a book of philosophy and social criticism written by Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno and first published in 1944.

Reik presented a forceful criticism of traditional Freudian theory in A Psychologist Looks at Love ( 1944 ).

He resisted criticism of the Wehrmacht, strongly opposing a travelling exhibition called Die Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941-1944 ( The Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941 – 1944 ) and writing to US Senators that if they discouraged Ronald Reagan from his presidential visit to the Bitburg military cemetery, he would " consider this to be an insult to my brother and my comrades who were killed in action ".

The books that were influential in the early development of computational quantum chemistry include Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson's 1935 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – with Applications to Chemistry, Eyring, Walter and Kimball's 1944 Quantum Chemistry, Heitler's 1945 Elementary Wave Mechanics – with Applications to Quantum Chemistry, and later Coulson's 1952 textbook Valence, each of which served as primary references for chemists in the decades to follow.

1944 marked Vroman ’ s 50th anniversary, and in 1945, with the purchase of a textbook distribution company, Vroman's became the largest book dealer west of the Mississippi.

Dénes Kőnig ( September 21, 1884 – October 19, 1944 ) was a Jewish Hungarian mathematician who worked in and wrote the first textbook on the field of graph theory.

Jane B. Reece ( born 15 April 1944 ) is an American scientist and textbook author.

Wound-tumor virus is a leafhopper transmitted virus not easily transmissible by mechanical inoculation ( Black, 1944 ; ;

The discovery of americium and curium in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project ; the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945.

Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss was overall commandant of the Auschwitz complex from May 1940 – November 1943 ; Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel from November 1943 – May 1944 ; and Sturmbannführer Richard Baer from May 1944 – January 1945.

After the industrial scale production of cadmium started in the 1930s and 1940s, the major application of cadmium was the coating of iron and steel to prevent corrosion ; in 1944, 62 % and in 1956, 59 % of the cadmium in the United States was for coating.

* Horkheimer, Max ; Adorno, Theodor W. ( 1944 /' 47 ) Dialectic of Enlightenment

Civil wars through the 19th century to early 20th century tended to be short ; the average length of a civil war between 1900 and 1944 was one and half years.

* Rewald, John, ed., with the assistance of Lucien Pissarro: Camille Pissarro, Lettres à son fils Lucien, Editions Albin Michel, Paris 1950 ; previously published, translated to English: Camille Pissarro, Letters to his son Lucien, New York 1943 & London 1944 ; 3rd revised edition, Paul P Appel Publishers, 1972 ISBN 0-911858-22-9

He had previously been a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe ; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942 – 43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944 – 45, from the Western Front.

The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944 were costly but successful ; a month later the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF.

The strength of the La Niña made the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season one of the most active since 1944 ; there were 16 named storms of at least 39 mph ( 63 km / h ), eight of which became or greater hurricanes.

The classic film noirs The Maltese Falcon and The Glass Key ( 1942 ) were based on novels by Hammett ; Cain's novels provided the basis for Double Indemnity ( 1944 ), Mildred Pierce ( 1945 ), The Postman Always Rings Twice ( 1946 ), and Slightly Scarlet ( 1956 ; adapted from Love's Lovely Counterfeit ).

Not only were Chandler's novels turned into major noirs — Murder, My Sweet ( 1944 ; adapted from Farewell, My Lovely ), The Big Sleep ( 1946 ), and Lady in the Lake ( 1947 )— he was an important screenwriter in the genre as well, producing the scripts for Double Indemnity, The Blue Dahlia ( 1946 ), and Strangers on a Train ( 1951 ).

The completed films included the seven-episode Why We Fight series — consisting of Prelude to War ( 1942 ), The Nazis Strike ( 1942 ), Divide and Conquer ( 1943 ), The Battle of Britain ( 1943 ), The Battle of Russia ( 1943 ), The Battle of China ( 1944 ), War Comes to America ( 1945 ) – plus Know Your Enemy: Japan ( 1945 ), Tunisian Victory ( 1945 ), and Two Down and One to Go ( 1945 ) that do not bear the Why We Fight banner ; as well as the African-American related, The Negro Soldier ( 1944 ).

He then ravages on Tokyo as payback for the Japanese attempting to erase him from existence, and Shindo is killed ; though not before he and Godzilla share a brief moment of the two remembering each other from when they first met on Lagos Island in 1944, and Godzilla is seemingly sad for once.

In 1944, Hendrik van de Hulst predicted microwave radiation at a wavelength of 21 cm resulting from interstellar atomic hydrogen gas ; this radiation was observed in 1951.

On 6 June 1944 the Allies landed in Normandy ; on 15 August Allied forces landing in Provence included 260, 000 men of the French First Army.

The French army recruited French Forces of the Interior ( de Gaulle's formal name for resistance fighters ) to continue the war until the final defeat of Germany ; this army numbered 300, 000 men by September 1944 and 370, 000 by Spring 1945.

De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890 – 1944 ( 1984 ; English ed.