The Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: د َ و ْ ل َ ت ِ ع َ ل ِ ي ّ ه ٔ ع ُ ثم َ ان ِ ی ّ ه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿO < u > s </ u > mâniyye Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ), also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was a state founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia.

One of the Ghazi emirates was led by Osman I ( 1258 – 1326 ), from which the name Ottoman is derived, son of Ertuğrul, around Eskişehir in western Anatolia.

Further strengthened by the influx of migrants into his territory, Osman also moved eastward and seized Byzantine domains in the Black Sea region of Anatolia.

* 1281 – Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia ; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.

* Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia ; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.

Again his brother, Mehmed I, who ended the Ottoman Interregnum, also held his post with a fief from Tamerlane ; he took the title Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis.

However, the vassalage of the Ottoman Sultanate ended with the death of Tamerlane during the reign of the next Ottoman ruler, Sultan Murad II, who took the style Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis.

His full style was Sultan Mehmed II Khan, Fatih Ghazi ' Abu ' l Fath ( Victorious Conqueror, Father of Conquest ), Padishah, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Emperor of Rome, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, Khan of Khans of the Two Lands and the Two Seas, Emperor of the three Cities of Constantinople, Edirne and Bursa.

Osman Nuri Pasha was born into a prominent family ( Yağcıoğulları ) of the city of Tokat in Central Anatolia.

However, it never became a formal title within the ruler's formal style, unlike Sultan ul-Mujahidin, used by Sultan Murad Khan II Khoja-Ghazi, 6th Sovereign of the House of Osman ( 1421 – 1451 ), styled ' Abu ' l Hayrat, Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philippolis.

During World War I, the Armenian Genocide, the Greek genocide ( especially in Pontus ), and the Assyrian Genocide almost entirely removed the ancient communities of Armenian and Assyrian populations in Anatolia, as well as a large part of its ethnic Greek population.

* Mehmed Çelebi, Governor of Anatolia ( Amasya ) and later as Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi, ( 1389 – 1421 )-son of Devlet Hatun

The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who established an empire at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around the 18th century BC, which reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, encommpassing an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia.

Under Suppiluliuma I and Mursili II, the Empire was extended to most of Anatolia and parts of Syria and Canaan, so that by 1300 BC the Hittites were bordering on the Egyptian sphere of influence, leading to the inconclusive Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC.

Urban II's movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against Muslim ( Seljuk ) Turks who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Empire Anatolia.

After the end of World War I, many Ottoman military personnel escaped from Rumelia to Anatolia for participating in the national movement.

* Isaurian War: The Isaurians begin a revolt against emperor Anastasius I in southern Central Anatolia.

** Timarchus, Seleucid nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Anatolia, appointed governor of Media in western Iran by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and who has rebelled against his successor, Demetrius I Soter, until he is killed in a battle with Demetrius ' forces

* In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years.

* Timarchus, Seleucid nobleman, possibly from Miletus in Anatolia, appointed governor of Media in western Iran by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and who has rebelled against his successor, Demetrius I Soter, until he is killed in a battle with Demetrius ' forces

* King Attalus I Soter of Pergamum defeats Antiochus Hierax ( brother of the Seleucid king Seleucus II ) in three battles and thereby gains control over all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia except Cilicia in the southeast.

* The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians ( Celts who have settled in central Anatolia ) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute.

* Mithridates I Ctistes, founder of the kingdom of Pontus in Anatolia

He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.

His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign ( c. 278 – c. 255 BC ), as well as those of his successors, Prusias I, Prusias II and Nicomedes II ( 149 – 91 BC ), the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia.

It was launched on 27 November 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuq Turks from Anatolia.

By the time of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine Empire was largely confined to Balkan Europe and the northwestern fringe of Anatolia, and faced Norman enemies in the west as well as Turks in the east.

Some insight about the Hellenistic perception of and attitude to " Barbarians " can be taken from the " Dying Gaul ", a statue commissioned by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia ( the bronze original is lost, but a Roman marble copy was found in the 17th century ).

According to Siro I. Trevisanato, this epidemic contaminated an area stretching from Cyprus to Iraq, and from Palestine to Syria, sparingEgypt ( due to a quarantine ) and Anatolia ( owing to effective political boundaries ).

Semitic Arameans encroached over the borders of south central Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the Neo-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans.

After the division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.

Subsequently, negotiations between the two groups allowed the remaining Gauls to settle en mass in central Anatolia and / or became integrated with the Greek ruling classes elsewhere following 279 BC.

Instead, the migration led to the establishment of a long-lived Celtic territory in central Anatolia, which included the eastern part of ancient Phrygia, a territory that became known as Galatia.

From the 14th to 11th centuries BC Assyria once more became a major power with the rise of the Middle Assyrian Empire which dominated the whole of Mesopotamia and much of the Near East and Anatolia.

The " Ottomans " became first known to the West in 1227 when they migrated westward into the Seljuk Empire, in Anatolia.

Following the Mongolian invasion of Anatolia facilitated by the Sultanate of Rûm's defeat at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ, Islamic mystic literature thrived in Anatolia, and Yunus Emre became one of its most distinguished poets.

In the 8th millennium BC, agriculture became widely practised in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia.

After crossing into Anatolia, Amadeus, who was leading the vanguard, became separated from Louis near Laodicea, and Louis ' forces were almost entirely destroyed.

Consequently, Nikephoros became increasingly dependent on the support of Alexios Komnenos, who successfully defeated the rebellion of Nikephoros Basilakes in the Balkans ( 1079 ) and was charged with containing that of Nikephoros Melissenos in Anatolia ( 1080 ).

The facts that the enclave was Assyrian, rather than Hittite, and that the city name became the language name, suggest that the Hittites were already in a position of influence, perhaps dominance, in central Anatolia.

What is clear is that at some point in the mid-7th century, probably in the late 630s and 640s, the Empire's field armies were withdrawn to Anatolia, the last major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire, and assigned to the districts that became known as the themes.

Probably founded in the late 13th century in Anatolia, Bektashism became the janissaries ' official faith in the late 16th century.

By the time Al-Ma ' mun became Caliph, the Arabs and the Byzantines had settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids deep into Anatolia to capture booty and Christians to be slaves in the Abbasid Caliphate.

A late tradition describes him as settling at Tralles in Anatolia, where he became the bishop of that church.

Here, she became familiar with Heinrich Schliemann's discovery of swastikas in Anatolia.

The Isfendyarid principality became a district of the eyalet of Anatolia.

After the battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongols under Baiju occupied Anatolia, and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.

In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan.

Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265 and Kaykhusraw III ( 1265 – 1284 ) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.

Gordias refounded a capital at Gordium in west central Anatolia, situated on the old trackway through the heart of Anatolia that became Darius's Persian " Royal Road " from Pessinus to Ancyra, and not far from the River Sangarius.

In 336 BC, Persian Empire which became the crucial power in Anatolia and was conducted by Alexander the Great that aimed to extend ancient Greek all over the world, was defeated.