This further violated important tenets of mercantilism and the old colonial system which considered manufacturing in the colonies to be counter Britain interests.

Some people believe that, because Britain adopted his call for free trade policies, it fell behind the United States and Germany by 1880, having gained its dominance under the mercantilism of Cromwell and Elizabeth I ( when according to Adam Smith, England was much less mercantilist than Spain and Portugal, who decayed much due to their colonial mercantilist policies, their gold reserves all naturally flowed to Britain, who at the time had a much more efficient production system, even though Portugal and Spain had colonies with much richer natural resources than Britain ).

Laissez-faire gained favor over mercantilism in Britain in the 1840s with the repeal of the Corn Laws and the Navigation Acts.

In 1938 Germany annexed Austria and Italy assisted in Germany in resolving the diplomatic crisis between Germany versus Britain and France over claims on Czecholslovakia by arranging the Munich Agreement that gave Germany the Sudetenland and was perceived at the time to have averted a European war, these hopes faded when Hitler violated the Munich Agreement by ordering the invasion and partition of Czechoslovakia between Germany and a client state of Slovakia in 1939.

Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 19th century as the " public spheres of heated oratory " disappeared in favor of the private sphere.

Over the decade, Australia's ardour for Britain and the monarchy faded somewhat, but Menzies ' had not.

Since that time, sectarianism has faded substantially as an issue in Canada, and relations with Britain are no longer of nearly the same importance.

This left-wing radicalism largely faded over time, and symbolically appeared to end in January 2008, when Keele became the last university in Britain to close its ' industrial relations ' department, though the courses in industrial relations continue to run and recruit well.

However, the possibility of a two-front conflict ( with Britain and Paraguay ) faded when, in September 1865, the British government sent an envoy who publicly apologized for the crisis between the empires.

The style started in Great Britain and evokes the type of decoration found in large country houses where there are worn and faded old chintz sofas and curtains, old paintwork and unassuming ' good ' taste.

Stemming from this, the Parliament of England decided that, to ensure the stability and future prosperity of Great Britain, full union of the two parliaments and nations was essential before Anne's death and used a combination of exclusionary legislation ( the Alien Act of 1705 ), politics, and bribery to achieve it within three years under the Act of Union 1707.

Additional awards were presented to the British fleet: Nelson was awarded £ 2, 000 (£ as of ) a year for life by the Parliament of Great Britain and £ 1, 000 per annum by the Parliament of Ireland, although the latter was inadvertently discontinued after the Act of Union dissolved the Irish Parliament.

In other words, if an ' uninhabited ' or ' infidel ' territory is colonized by Britain, then the English law automatically applies in this territory from the moment of colonization ; however if the colonized territory has a pre-existing legal system, the native law would apply ( effectively a form of indirect rule ) until formally superseded by the English law, through Royal Prerogative subjected to the Westminster Parliament.

The Communist Party of Britain and The Socialist Workers Party, neither of which have any considerable power or influence, with not one seat in Parliament nor in a local council, both criticise the European Union from an ultra-left perspective and their " scepticism " is a form of left-wing euroscepticism although its adherents may reject the term.

The government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, conferred the additional title upon her by an Act of Parliament, reputedly to assuage the monarch's irritation at being, as a mere Queen, notionally inferior to her own daughter ( Princess Victoria was the wife of the reigning German Emperor ); the Indian Imperial designation was also formally justified as the expression of Britain succeeding as paramount ruler of the subcontinent the former Mughal ' Padishah of Hind ', using indirect rule through hundreds of princely states formally under protection, not colonies, but accepting the British Sovereign as their suzerain.

The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, abolishing the Irish Parliament and giving Ireland representation at Westminster.

* 1649 – The claimant King Charles II of England and Scotland is declared King of Great Britain, by the Parliament of Scotland.

In 1846 Douglass met with Thomas Clarkson, one of the last living British abolitionists, who had persuaded Parliament to abolish slavery in Great Britain and its colonies.

However, the Parliament frustrated always such attempts, echoing the public opinion in Britain.

It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e. g. the annual State Opening of Parliament with the Speech from the Throne in Britain.

The Acts of Union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed by both parliaments in 1707, which dissolved them in order to form a Kingdom of Great Britain governed by a unified Parliament of Great Britain according to the Treaty of Union.

On this date, the Scots Parliament and the English Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the Palace of Westminster in London, the home of the English Parliament.

It abolished both the Parliaments of England and Scotland, and established the Parliament of Great Britain.

:" Westminster Parliament " redirects here ; not to be confused with the Parliament of England or the original Parliament of Great Britain.

The largest Irish communities are located predominantly in the cities and towns across Britain: in London, in particular Kilburn ( which has one of the largest Irish-born communities outside Ireland ) out to the west and north west of the city, in the large port cities such as Liverpool ( which elected the first Irish Nationalist Members of Parliament ), Glasgow, Bristol and Portsmouth.

* 1892 – Dadabhai Naoroji is elected as the first Indian Member of Parliament in Britain.

Botswana gained independence from Britain in September 1966.

The ballad was taken to Australia by early settlers from Britain and Ireland and gained particular foothold in the rural outback.

As colonies gained independence from Britain, in most cases the newly independent countries adopted English common law precedent as of the date of independence as the default law to carry forward into the new nation, to the extent not explicitly rejected by the newly freed colony's founding documents or government.

It was also the first full coalition in Britain since 1945, having been formed 70 years virtually to the day after the establishment of Winston Churchill's wartime coalition, although there had been the " Lib-Lab pact ", an agreement stopping short of a full coalition between the Labour and Liberal parties, from March 1977 until July 1978, when a series of by-election defeats had eroded Labour's majority of three seats which had been gained at the October 1974 election.

The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region.

As a military commander, Vespasian gained early renown by participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43.

Germany's middle class, based in the cities, grew exponentially, although it never gained the political power it had in France, Britain or the United States.

In 1890, Germany had gained the island of Heligoland in the North Sea from Britain in exchange for the eastern African island of Zanzibar, and proceeded to construct a great naval base there.

It became a protectorate known as Iraq, and it gained official independence from Britain in 1932, although the British still dominated their politics until 1952.

As a philosophy, libertinism gained new-found adherents in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, particularly in France and Britain.

According to the Language Portal of Canada, " this fairly new tradition has gained in popularity in France, Great Britain, Jamaica and Brazil ", although this information has not been confirmed with authoritative sources from these countries.

Following the Seven Years War and French defeat by Great Britain, Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi River.

The United States was one of the first four countries to establish an embassy in Maseru after Lesotho gained its independence from Great Britain in 1966.

The Tatmadaw has been engaged in a bitter battle with ethnic insurgents, political dissidents and the narco-armies since the country gained its independence from Great Britain in 1948.

Nigeria, formerly a colony, gained independence from Britain in 1960.

The German Empire held 2. 5 million prisoners ; Russia held 2. 9 million, and Britain and France held about 720, 000, mostly gained in the period just before the Armistice in 1918.

Neither term gained wide acceptance until decades later ; scientist became a common term in the late 19th century in the United States and around the turn of the 20th century in Great Britain.

The Asquith government proved ineffective but when David Lloyd George replaced him in December 1916 Britain gained a powerful and successful wartime leader.

Following the war, Britain gained the German colony of Tanganyika and part of Togoland in Africa.

Neither side gained the upper hand, and in 1828 the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by Britain, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state.

The islands gained independence from Britain in December 1963 as a constitutional monarchy.

In Britain, the Labour Party gained power in 1964.

" Moderates in the Congress still hoped that the colonies could be reconciled with Great Britain, but a movement towards independence steadily gained ground.

Spain, which traded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans, from France in compensation for its losses.