In general usage, the Byzantine imperial title evolved from simply " emperor " ( basileus ), to " emperor of the Romans " ( basileus tōn Rōmaiōn ) in the 9th century, to " emperor and autocrat of the Romans " ( basileus kai autokratōr tōn Rōmaiōn ) in the 10th.

This usage, however, was adopted by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the Byzantine Empire and was in use in the seventh century.

In the most common usage of the term, some civil rulers are leaders of the dominant religion ( e. g., the Byzantine emperor as patron of the head of the official Church ); the government claims to rule on behalf of God or a higher power, as specified by the local religion, and divine approval of government institutions and laws.

This usage, however, was adopted by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the Byzantine Empire and was in use in the 7th century.

The term Varangian remained in usage in the Byzantine Empire until the 13th century, largely disconnected from its Scandinavian roots by then.

The term retained its standard usage in the Greek language throughout the Middle Ages, as it was widely used by the Byzantine Greeks until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

The source of the name is likely from the Byzantine Greeks who were the Westerners ' neighbors ; this usage spread to the Near East, Asia, Africa and even China.

In later Byzantine usage, the terms " Arbanitai " and " Albanoi ", with a range of variants, were used interchangeably, while sometimes the same groups were also called by the classicising names Illyrians.

However, these scholars caution that a rise in ethnic consciousness did not have an impact on the official imperial ideology. In the official ideology, the traditional Byzantine view of Byzantium as the successor of Rome was not overturned, as the usage of the word Rhomaioi for subjects of the Nicene emperors demonstrates.

In Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic usage the psalter is divided into 20 kathismata, for reading at Vespers and Matins.

Numerous cycles combine and make use of a vast array of liturgical texts making the Byzantine Rite one of the richest liturgical traditions in Christianity ( for more detail, see Canonical Hours: Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic usage ).

By the 4th century however, basileus was applied in official usage exclusively to the two rulers considered equals to the Roman Emperor: the Sassanid Persian shahanshah (" king of kings "), and to a far lesser degree the King of Axum, whose importance was peripheral in the Byzantine worldview.

In an effort to emphasize their own Roman legitimacy, the Byzantine rulers thereafter began to use the fuller form basileus Rhomaíōn (, " emperor of the Romans ") instead of the simple " basileus ", a practice that continued in official usage until the end of the Empire.

This transformation had already begun in informal usage in the works of some classicizing Byzantine authors.

A text in Callinicus ( between 447 and 450 ), first introduced in Father Pargoire's argument, informs us that between Vespers and the Night Office there was celebrated in the East a canonical Hour called in this text prothypnia, because it preceded the first sleep, being nothing other than what the Greeks today call apodeipnon, on account of the meal it follows ( see Compline in Byzantine usage, below ).

This usage continued after the division of the Empire into East and West, and the Byzantine Emperors would use the term to describe their imperial administration.

While the usage " Late Antiquity " suggests that the social and cultural priorities of Classical Antiquity endured throughout Europe into the Middle Ages, the usage of " Early Middle Ages " or " Early Byzantine " emphasizes a break with the classical past, and the term " Migrations Period " tends to de-emphasize the disruptions in the former Western Roman Empire caused by the creation of Germanic kingdoms within her borders beginning with the foedus with the Goths in Aquitania in 418.

In the usage of the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, the Great Doxology is one of the high points of the festal Matins service.

During the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period, under Venetian domination, the town was known in Italian as Napoli di Romania, after the medieval usage of " Romania " to refer to the lands of the Byzantine Empire, and to distinguish it from Napoli ( Naples ) in Italy.

Armenian usage is identical to the Byzantine Rite, except that their deacons wear the single orarion, which they call urar.

The term literally translates as " sacred servant ( of God )", in accordance with early Byzantine usage of the adjective " sacred " to describe things monastic.

This inscription is part of a secondary usage of this monument during the Byzantine period, where Christian monks commemorated stories from the Christian Bible inside old Jewish tombs in the Kidron Valley.

In the Byzantine Rite, the antimension, blessed and signed by the bishop, serves a similar function.

* 1108: By the Treaty of Devol, signed in September, Bohemond I of Antioch has to submit to the Byzantine Empire, becoming the vassal of Alexius I.

* 1153-The First Treaty of Constance is signed between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Eugene III, by the terms of which, the emperor is to prevent any action by Manuel I Comnenus to reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome.

* 1043: the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos.

* A peace treaty is signed between the Byzantine and the Persian empires.

To back up an armistice signed with the Byzantine Empire in 1046, his father married him to Byzantine Anastasia ( d. 1067 ), who tradition holds was a daughter of Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos by his second wife ( he gained the Imperial throne through his third marriage ), but no reliable source has ever been found to confirm this.

In 635, Kubrat signed a peace treaty with emperor Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire, expanding the Bulgar kingdom further into the Balkans.

After a successful war with Byzantium in 680, Asparuh ’ s khanate conquered initially Scythia Minor and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire in 681.

In 987 / 988, a seven-year truce was signed with the Fatimids, stipulating an exchange of prisoners, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of the Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of the Muslims under Byzantine control, as well as the replacement of the Abbasid Caliph's name by that of the Fatimid Caliph in the Friday prayer in the mosque of Constantinople.

By arrangement among the crusaders, Byzantine territory was divided: in the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, signed on 1 October 1204, three eighths — including Crete and other islands — went to the Republic of Venice.

After suffering a defeat at the hands of Bulgars and Slavs, the Byzantine Empire recognised the sovereignty of Asparuh's Khanate in a subsequent treaty signed in 681 AD.

After Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire signed a peace treaty in 927 that concluded the 20-year-long war between them, the Patriarchate of Constantinople recognised the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and acknowledged its patriarchal dignity.

After Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire signed in 927 a peace treaty concluding the incessant, almost 20-year long war between them, the Patriarchate of Constantinople recognised the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and acknowledged its patriarchal dignity.

It has a portal with a Byzantine style lunette, signed and dated 1253, depicting the Madonna enthroned with Sts.

Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania " by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens " promising to protect them and to honor the privileges they had from Byzantine Empire.

* Eternal Peace ( 532 ), signed between the Byzantine and the Sassanid empires

Disputes began between Milutin and his brother Stefan Dragutin after a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire was signed in 1299.

After Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire signed a peace treaty in 927 that concluded the 20-year-long war between them, the Patriarchate of Constantinople recognised the autocephalous status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and acknowledged its patriarchal dignity.

Beneath the dome I saw the spot where the Byzantine Emperors were crowned, a bit of floor protected now by a wooden fence.

The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

In Koine Greek, this became, changing further to in Byzantine Greek by iotacism.

* 902 – Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabids army.

* 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I.

The town remained until late Byzantine times an important toll and customs station of the Hellespont, its importance thereafter being transferred to the Dardanelles, after the building of the " Old Castles " by Sultan Mehmet II ( c. 1456 ).

* 1018 – Byzantine general Eustathios Daphnomeles blinds and captures Ibatzes of Bulgaria by a ruse, thereby ending Bulgarian resistance against Emperor Basil II's conquest of Bulgaria.

This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire.

Troy cannot have been Asagarth, Snorri realizes, the reason being that the Æsir in Asaland were unsettled by the military activities of the Romans ; that is, of the Byzantine Empire.

According to Asinius Quadratus ( quoted in the mid-6th century by Byzantine historian Agathias ) their name means " all men ".

* 986 – A Byzantine army is destroyed in the pass of the Gate of Trajan by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Samuel and Aron.

Like his father, Alboin was raised a pagan, although Audoin had at one point attempted to gain Byzantine support against his neighbours by professing himself a Catholic.

The cause of the conflict is uncertain, as the sources are divided ; the Lombard Paul the Deacon accuses the Gepids, while the Byzantine historian Menander Protector places the blame on Alboin, an interpretation favoured by historian Walter Pohl.

An account of the war by the Byzantine Theophylact Simocatta sentimentalises the reasons behind the conflict, claiming it originated with Alboin's vain courting and subsequent kidnapping of Cunimund's daughter Rosamund, that Alboin proceeded then to marry.

Often dismissed as an unreliable tradition, it has been studied with attention by modern scholars, in particular Neil Christie, who see in it a possible record of a formal invitation by the Byzantine state to settle in northern Italy as foederati, to help protect the region against the Franks, an arrangement that may have been disowned by Justin II after Narses ' removal.

Many fragments were supplied in quotes by Athenaeus, principally on the subject of wine-drinking, but fr. 333, " wine, window into a man ", was quoted much later by the Byzantine grammarian, John Tzetzes.

While the Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, Alexios was approached by the Doukas faction at court, who convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

The crusaders believed their oaths were made invalid when the Byzantine contingent under Tatikios failed to help them during the siege of Antioch ; Bohemund, who had set himself up as Prince of Antioch, briefly went to war with Alexios in the Balkans, but was blockaded by the Byzantine forces and agreed to become Alexios ' vassal by the Treaty of Devol in 1108.