In the spring and early summer of that year she met a wealthy foreign tycoon who took her to France, where she later met a very wealthy man and toured all Europe with him.

Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages.

Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the group's popularity continued to grow ( although they were always more popular in North America and Continental Europe than in their home country, never achieving a UK Top 40 single or Top 20 album ).

Chartier's typical undergraduate course focuses upon the making, remaking, dissemination, and reading of texts in early modern Europe and America.

The evolution of the numerals in early Europe is shown on a table created by the French scholar J. E.

The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became the leading home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in much of Western Europe.

From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe.

* Select nationalities of Europe and the respective developments from early modern European cuisine of the colonial age:

These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press ; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe.

They had access to sources that the prehistory of Europe lacks such as ethnographies and the historical records of the early colonizers.

Nin was raised a Roman Catholic and spent her childhood and early life in Europe.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the early 2000s, Sofia Airport received substantial renovation, with aid from a Kuwaiti-led consortium, in anticipation of increased air connections with Europe.

Little is known of its origins but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area.

The early discovered carbonate bauxites occur predominantly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks ( limestone and dolomite ), where they were formed by lateritic weathering and residual accumulation of intercalated clays or by clay dissolution residues of the limestone.

German successes are closely related to the extent to which the German Luftwaffe was able to control the air war in early campaigns in Europe and the Soviet Union.

It is also significant that Germany ’ s position in the centre of Europe to a large extent obviated the need to make a clear distinction between bombers suitable only for ’ tactical ’ and those necessary for strategic purposes in the early stages of a likely future war.

Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires, as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Europe.

In the early 20th century, socio-cultural anthropology developed in different forms in Europe and in the United States.

Constitutional monarchy occurred first in continental Europe, briefly in the early years of the French revolution, but much more widely afterwards.

Although central banks today are generally associated with fiat money, the 19th and early 20th centuries central banks in most of Europe and Japan developed under the international gold standard, elsewhere free banking or currency boards were more usual at this time.

There are process and product guidelines in Europe that date to the early 1980s ( Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland ) and only more recently in the UK and the US.

None of the first clocks survived from 13th century Europe, but various mentions in church records reveal some of the early history of the clock.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

( It is known from Robert E. Howard's writings that the Cimmerians were based on the Celts, a barbarian tribal group of early Europe.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, food was a classic marker in Europe.

The birth of modern comparative law is generally attributed to Europe in the eighteenth century.

Deistic viewpoints emerged during the scientific revolution of 17th century Europe and came to exert a powerful influence during the eighteenth century enlightenment.

Editions of Arithmetica exerted a profound influence on the development of algebra in Europe in the late sixteenth and through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

In eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, same-sex sexual behaviour and cross-dressing were widely considered to be socially unacceptable, and were serious crimes under sodomy and sumptuary laws.

The " Philosophes " were eighteenth century French intellectuals who dominated the French Enlightenment and were influential across Europe.

Siege warfare dominated in Western Europe for most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

During the war-filled years of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, tax rates in Europe increased dramatically as war became more expensive and governments became more centralized and adept at gathering taxes.

The term Rococo may also be interpreted as a combination of the word " barocco " ( an irregularly shaped pearl, possibly the source of the word " baroque ") and the French " rocaille " ( a popular form of garden or interior ornamentation using shells and pebbles ), and may be used to describe the refined and fanciful style that became fashionable in parts of Europe during the eighteenth century.

' Various schemes of provision for ministers ' widows were then established throughout Europe at about the start of the eighteenth century, some based on a single premium others based on yearly premiums to be distributed as benefits in the same year.

The union created the largest free trade area in eighteenth century Europe.

From the end of the Roman Empire to the eighteenth century auctions lost favor in Europe, while they had never been widespread in Asia.

This style of novel originated in sixteenth century Spain and flourished throughout Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Early Palatine German immigrants in the eighteenth century named the town after the Danube River in Europe.

* Enlightened absolutism, a term used to describe the actions of absolute rulers who were influenced by the Enlightenment ( eighteenth and early nineteenth century Europe )

Puritans generally disapproved of the celebration of Christmas — a trend which continually resurfaced in Europe and the USA through the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Nonetheless, news of Malplaquet, the bloodiest battle of the eighteenth century, stunned Europe.

According to Jonathan I. Israel " the conflict became one of the most significant cultural confrontations of the eighteenth century and perhaps the most important of the Enlightenment in Central Europe and the Baltic countries before the French Revolution.

... first he raised the money required to blunt French hegemony in Europe and thus preserved the British constitution and the protestant monarchy ; second he was instrumental in planning the military and diplomatic strategy that ultimately defeated Louis XIV ; third, as lord high treasurer, he worked to make the Treasury more efficient and attempted to weed out corruption — the Treasury as he left it served England well for the remainder of the eighteenth century ; fourth he was instrumental in negotiating and passing the Act of Union with Scotland which created the united kingdom of Great Britain ; and fifth he negotiated the creation of a unified East India Company, which would be instrumental in establishing British rule in India.

Fontana's academic approach, though lacking the dazzling inventiveness of his Roman predecessors, exerted substantial influence on Baroque architecture both through his prolific writings and through a number of architects he trained, who would disseminate the Baroque idioms throughout eighteenth century Europe.

British foreign policy, and Britain ’ s reputation in Europe, had sunk to their lowest ebb of the eighteenth century thanks to the 1768 Corsican fiasco, but Rochford ’ s realistic and capable handling of his new portfolio strengthened British foreign policy in several ways.

He was exceptionally well-informed, and his unpublished ‘ Plan to Prevent War in Europe ’ ( 1775 ) reveals him as a strategic thinker, and one of the most imaginative of Britain ’ s eighteenth century secretaries of state.

In Europe, the contemporary menu first appeared in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Luigi Marchesi ( 8 August 1754 – 14 December 1829 ) was an Italian castrato singer, one of the most prominent and charismatic to appear in Europe during the second half of the eighteenth century.