Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.

* Friedrich Heer Medieval World Europe 1100-1350

For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.

Medieval astrolabes of England and Western Europe depicted Altair and Vega as birds.

‘ Dating the Baptism of Clovis .’ In Early Medieval Europe, volume 7, pages 29 – 57.

The weaponized threat comes mainly in the form of pneumonic plague ( infection by inhalation ) It was the disease that caused the Black Death in Medieval Europe.

Roman Law in Medieval Europe.

* Alexander O ' Hara, " The Vita Columbani in Merovingian Gaul ," Early Medieval Europe, 17, 2 ( 2009 ), 126 – 153.

Thomas Aquinas ( c. 1225 – 1274 ), a theologian in Medieval Europe, adapted the argument he found in his reading of Aristotle and Avicenna to form one of the most influential versions of the cosmological argument.

" The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse, its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.

* Brown, Elizabeth, ' The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe ', American Historical Review, 79 ( 1974 ), pp. 1063 – 8.

* Steven Epstein, Wage Labor & Guilds In Medieval Europe ( 1991 ) ISBN 0-8078-4498-5

Having defeated the Huns at Chalons and at the Nedao, migrating Germanic tribes invaded the Western Roman Empire and transformed it into Medieval Europe.

The Goths (; ; ; ; ) were an East Germanic tribe whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.

By ancient tradition, Basques, and indeed other peoples in Medieval Europe, held assemblies under a tree, usually an oak, to discuss matters affecting the community.

* Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City " The Function of Armor in Medieval and Renaissance Europe.

The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe ( 2001 )

( 2006 ) A Social and Economic History of Medieval Europe.

The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520.

Medieval theologians, in western Europe, described the underworld (" hell ", " hades ", " infernum ") as divided into four distinct parts: Hell of the Damned ( which some call Gehenna ), Purgatory, Limbo of the Fathers or Patriarchs, and Limbo of the Infants.

With the continual discovery of " new " Medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts are growing in popularity across the United States and Europe.

Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages ( 3rd Edition ).

Bloch's article, " The Advent and Triumph of the Watermill in Medieval Europe ," incorporates these approaches by investigating the connections between technology and broader social issues.

The Medieval Inquisition was in response to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular Catharism and Waldensians in southern France and northern Italy.

Until about the 11th century most of Europe was short of agricultural labour, with large amounts of unused land, and the Medieval Warm Period benefited agriculture until about 1315.

During the Medieval Warm Period ( the period prior to 1300 ) the population of Europe had exploded, reaching levels that were not matched again in some places until the nineteenth century ( parts of France today are less populous than at the beginning of the fourteenth century.

* Warm. fm, a radio station ( 104. 2 FM ) licensed to Liège, Belgium, Europe

Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy and the International Crises, 1808-1914 ( U. of Minnesota Press, 1981 )

The so-called Migration Period saw Indo-Iranian languages disappear from Eastern Europe, apart from the ancestors of Ossetian in the Caucasus, with the arrival of the Turkic-speaking Pechenegs and others by the eighth century AD.

In Europe, the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are grouped together as the Carboniferous Period.

Its fossil remains have been found primarily in the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany, dated to the late Jurassic Period ( early Tithonian ), about 150. 8-148. 5 million years ago, though more fragmentary remains have been identified from elsewhere in Europe and in Africa.

Finally, in the Tertiary Period (~ 65 million to ~ 1. 8 million years ago ), the mountain chains that today comprise the Atlas were uplifted as the land masses of Europe and Africa collided at the southern end of the Iberian peninsula.

The origins of the material are considerably older, however, and it echoes real events in Central Europe during the Migration Period.

York Minster is the second largest Gothic cathedral of Northern Europe and clearly charts the development of English Gothic architecture from Early English through to the Perpendicular Period.

During the Second Stadtholderless Period the Dutch Republic had more or less abdicated its pretences as a major power and this became painfully evident to the rest of Europe during the War of the Austrian Succession.

The Migration Period, also known as the Barbarian Invasions ( " migration of peoples "), was a period of intensified human migration in Europe from about 400 to 800 AD.

Later migrations ( such as the Arab conquest and Viking, Magyar, Moorish, Turkic, and Mongol invasions ) also had significant effects ( especially in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe ); however, they are outside the scope of the Migration Period.

For example, the " Barbarian Invasions " of Europe are sometimes called the " Migration Period.

In 1999 UNESCO added Wartburg Castle to the World Heritage List as an " Outstanding Monument of the Feudal Period in Central Europe ", citing its " Cultural Values of Universal Significance ".

* Kirby, David, Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period – The Baltic World 1492-1772, Longman, London, 1990, ISBN 0-582-00410-1

Much grassland in northwest Europe developed after the Neolithic Period, when people gradually cleared the forest to create areas for raising their livestock.

While many species have been classified in the genus Iguanodon, dating from the late Jurassic Period to the late Cretaceous Period of Asia, Europe, and North America, research in the first decade of the 21st century suggests that there is only one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, which lived from the late Barremian to the earliest Aptian ages ( Early Cretaceous ) in Belgium and possibly elsewhere in Europe, between about 126 and 125 million years ago.

The archaeologist William Boyd Dawkins found MacRitchie's views also appealing, since in his Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period ( 1880 ) he considered Upper Paleolithic culture across Europe ( including Britain ) to have been founded by a proto-Eskimo or Lapp race, a view at the time which was popularised after the discovery of " Chancelade Man ", in southwestern France by Leo Testut in 1889.

This style was widely adopted by the " barbarian " peoples of Migration Period northern Europe.

The languages of Germanic peoples gave rise to the English language ( the Angles, Saxons, Frisii, Jutes and possibly the Franks, who traded, fought with and lived alongside the Latin-speaking peoples of the Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples ' expansion into Western Europe during the Migration Period ).

The South Downs are formed from a thick band of chalk which was deposited during the Cretaceous Period around sixty million years ago within a shallow sea which extended across much of northwest Europe.

The bracteate is a type of thin gold medal, usually plain on the reverse, found in Northern Europe from the so called " Dark Ages " or Migration Period.