By ancient common law it might be required of all persons above the age of 12, and it was repeatedly used as a test for the disaffected.

By now the rebel forces were said to have numbered 230, 000, however, this number should be treated with scepticism — Dio's account is known only from a late epitome, and ancient sources commonly exaggerate enemy numbers.

By 1000 BC ancient civilizations were using technologies that formed the basis of the various branches of chemistry such as ; extracting metal from their ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.

By roughly the 1st century BC, the ancient kingdom of Buyeo also had mounted warriors.

By analogy with the ancient Greek term for agriculture, geoponics, the science of cultivating the earth, Gericke coined the term hydroponics in 1937 ( although he asserts that the term was suggested by W. A. Setchell, of the University of California ) for the culture of plants in water ( from the Greek hydro -, " water ", and ponos, " labour ").

By the 1970s, the ideas of canals and ancient civilizations had to be abandoned.

By the late ancient period, however, the " traditionalist " Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed.

By the human interest with which he imbues all his scenes from ancient life he brings them within the scope of modern feeling, and charms us with gentle sentiment and playfulness.

By his naming the blade " Sting " we see Bilbo's acceptance of the kinds of cultural and linguistic practices found in Beowulf, signifying his entrance into the ancient world in which he found himself.

By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men ( to prevent the possibility of sedition by private armies ), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty Savi or " wise men ".

By taking samples from different sites and different strata within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record ; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood.

By the 4th century, the Thracians had a composite indigenous identity, as Christian " Romans " who preserved some of their ancient pagan rituals.

By the 19th century, the site of the ancient city was wholly desolate, with the exception of a solitary guardhouse, and the ground for the most part thickly overgrown with shrubs and low brushwood ; but the remains of the walls could be distinctly traced throughout a great part of their circuit.

By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens.

By bringing Chrysoloras to Florence, Salutati made it possible for a select group of scholars ( including Bruni and Vergerio ) to read Aristotle and Plato in the original ancient Greek.

By consequence, the constellation is no longer visible from subtropical northern latitudes, as it was in the time of the ancient Greeks.

By the late 19th century, explorers were uncovering ancient civilisations around the world, such as Egypt's Valley of the Kings, and the empire of Assyria.

By the 15th century Moscow principality ( or Muscovy ) established its sovereignty over a large portion of ancient Rus territory, including Novgorod, Pskov, and parts of Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities.

By the sixteenth century Assiswork had become more popular and employed a wider range of motifs, many based on Renaissance imagery of satyrs, demons and ancient mythical creatures.

By the late 10 century, the name Varna was established so firmly that when Byzantines wrestled back control of the area from the Bulgarians in the 970's, they kept it rather than restoring the ancient name Odessus.

By the earlier 20th century, both were created Urban District Councils ( UDC ), as was Foots Cray ( an ancient village site ).

By driving west from Fredericktown on Highway 72 and looking further west, one can witness a rare geological oddity: the fossilization not just of a plant or animal, but of an entire very ancient landscape.

By the " Metaphysical " phase, he referred not to the Metaphysics of Aristotle or other ancient Greek philosophers.

By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments.

By tradition, a red wine should be served at approximately room temperature -- if anything a little cooler -- and be aged enough for the tannin and acids to have worked out and the sediment have settled well.

By seeking close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to the tradition of imperial exclusivity and coopted most of the nobility into his extended family and, through it, his government.

By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By the Himalayan tradition, phowa ( Tibetan ) is the discipline that transfers the mindstream to the intended body.

By this point in his career, Vertov was clearly and emphatically dissatisfied with narrative tradition, and expresses his hostility towards dramatic fiction of any kind both openly and repeatedly ; he regarded drama as another " opiate of the masses ".

By the later 2nd century, it was accepted that the celebration of Pascha ( Easter ) was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition.

By local tradition, this commemorates the date the news of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots reached Geneva.

By then he was strongly influenced by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition.

By 8500-7500 BC the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) culture developed out of the earlier local tradition of Natufian in Southern Palestine, dwelling in round houses, and building the first defensive site at Jericho ( guarding a valuable fresh water spring ).

By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated are allowed to use their monarchical titles as a courtesy for the rest of their lives.

By tradition, the pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts and Irish, though archaeology has suggested some official settlement as landed mercenaries as early as the 3rd century.

By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.

By the late 2nd century, the tradition was held by most Christians.

By Late Antiquity, the tradition of Moses being the source of the law in the Pentateuch also gave rise to the tradition of Mosaic authorship, the interpretation of the entire Torah as the work of Moses.

By the 1880s the tradition of England-Australia cricket tours was well established, with a total of eight Tests having been played, five of them at the MCG, two at the Sydney Cricket Ground and one at The Oval in London.

By tradition the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship.

By tradition, before a new Prime Minister can enter 10 Downing Street for the first time as its occupant, they are required to announce to the country and the world that they have ' kissed hands ' with the reigning monarch, and thus have become Prime Minister.

By adopting this Responsum, the CJLS found itself in a position to provide a considered Jewish-law justification for its egalitarian practices, without having to rely on potentially unconvincing arguments, undermine the religious importance of community and clergy, ask individual women intrusive questions, repudiate the halakhic tradition, or label women following traditional practices as sinners.

By inter-religious pluralism, we mean the views held within one major faith tradition ( e. g., Christianity ) about the validity or truth of other major faith traditions ( e. g., Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, etc .).

By tradition:

By tradition, he was born in what is now Nakamura-ku, Nagoya ( situated in contemporary Aichi District, Owari Province ), the home of the Oda clan.

By the 16th century, a tradition had developed based on observational incidents, true or false, that the black objects found widely scattered in large quantities over Europe had fallen from the sky during thunderstorms and were therefore to be considered generated by lightning.