The years 1812 and 1813 saw him in Germany and France again, but on this visit to Berlin he did not seek out the philosophers as he had on his first journey.

Known as " Île Royale " to the French, the island also saw active settlement by France.

The War of the Austrian Succession saw Britain and France in conflict with each other, and in 1745 several warships and a small contingent of troops were sent from Boston, first to the Nova Scotian fishing port of Canso, and on to Louisbourg where they laid siege to the fortress until the French surrendered and were evacuated.

Most major circuits in France, Italy, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom saw the series visit at least once.

The Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911 saw another dispute over Morocco erupt when France tried to suppress a revolt there.

In France, Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare ; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet, particularly admiring the madness of Harriet Smithson's Ophelia.

The plan was met with much opposition, especially from France, who saw significant losses to Germany during World War I.

This period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, Kings of France and England and Holy Roman Emperor.

However, Louis XIV's long reign saw France involved in many wars that drained its treasury.

Having lost its colonial empire, France saw a good opportunity for revenge against Britain in signing an alliance with the Americans in 1778, and sending an army and navy that turned the American Revolution into a world war.

Since France had been defeated on these two fronts, states previously conquered and controlled by Napoleon saw a good opportunity to strike back.

In 1854, The Second Empire joined the Crimean War, which saw France and Britain opposed to the Russian Empire, which was decisively defeated at Sevastopol in 1854-1855 and at Inkerman ( 1854 ).

In France, the French Revolution saw the confiscation in 1789 of church libraries and rich nobles ' private libraries, and their collections became state property.

" Finally, 1895 saw leading anarchists Sébastien Faure and Louise Michel publish La Libertaire in France.

Outside the United States, makers of musical saws include Sandvik in Sweden, makers of the limited edition Stradivarius, Alexis in France, which produces a toothless saw, " La Lame Sonore ", with a range of three and a half octaves ( Patent: N ° E31975 ), and Thomas Flinn & Company in the United Kingdom, based in Sheffield, who produce three different sized musical saws, as well as accessories.

The German states saw France as the aggressor ; swept up by nationalism and patriotic zeal, they rallied to Prussia's side and provided troops.

As a penalty for this indiscretion, Bismarck intended to remove Arnim from Paris and reassign him as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire at İstanbul, which Arnim saw as a demotion given the relative importance of France to Germany as opposed to the Ottoman Empire.

Pope Clement V canonized Celestine in 1313 at the urging of King Philip IV of France, who saw it as an opportunity to demean Pope Boniface VIII, whom Philip despised.

The stunning success of France in the French Revolutionary Wars saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of client republics were set up across the continent.

Beginning in the late seventeenth century, France and neighbouring areas saw a flurry of independent missals published by bishops influenced by Jansenism and Gallicanism.

The mid 17th century in France saw the development of a refined short novel, the " nouvelle ", by such authors as Madame de Lafayette.

When Bill France saw this problem he set up a meeting at the Streamline Hotel in order to form an organization that would unify the rules.

Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy.

The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages.

The regional competitions Copa América and Euro Cup saw 5 nations rising the cup, Colombia ( 2001 ) and Brazil ( 2004, 2007 ) won the Copa América, and France ( 2000 ), Greece ( 2004 ) and Spain ( 2008 ) won the Euro Cup.

The Spanish navy, put to sea in support of France during the War of the Third Coalition in 1805, suffered terrible losses at the Battle of Trafalgar, having been weakened by yellow fever in the preceding years ; in many ways this marked the nadir of Spanish naval history.

It was in the age of absolute monarchy launched by Louix XIV in the 17th century that the likes of Poussin and Le Brun put France in the forefront of European art.

The Fête de la Fédération on the 14 July 1790 was a huge feast and official event to celebrate the uprising of the short-lived constitutional monarchy in France and what people considered the happy conclusion of the French Revolution.

In the latter, the battle was instrumental in forming the strong central monarchy that would characterize France until the first French Revolution.

Salic Law, reestablished during the Hundred Years ' War from an ancient Frankish tradition, caused the French monarchy to permit only male ( agnatic ) descendants of Hugh to succeed to the throne of France.

A radical Republican during the monarchy of Louis Philippe in France, he died from wounds suffered in a duel under questionable circumstances at the age of twenty.

With an increasingly centralized monarchy, the first standing army since Roman times, and the use of artillery, France expelled the English from its territory and came out of the Middle Ages as the most powerful nation in Europe, only to lose that status to Spain following defeat in the Italian Wars.

Other restaurants were opened by chefs of the time who were leaving the failing monarchy of France, in the period leading up to the French Revolution.

The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years.

Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of monarchy ( Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy ), and two additional revolutions ( 1830 and 1848 ) as modern France took shape.

Under the Constitution of 1791, France would function as a constitutional monarchy.

At the time the assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy, and over the following two years passed various laws including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the abolition of feudalism, and a fundamental change in the relationship between France and Rome.

On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

Napoleon transformed the Italian principality of Elba, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his Cent Jours escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the Vienna Congress in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in exile on barren Saint Helena.

( Ironically, the Protestant William had also enjoyed the support of the Pope and the Catholic Habsburg monarchy against the aggressive foreign policy of Louis XIV of France ).

Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.

The history of the monarchy is how it overcame the powerful barons over ensuing centuries, and established absolute sovereignty over France in the 16th century.

Under the Constitution of 1791, France would function as a constitutional monarchy with Louis XVI as little more than a figurehead.

In France, a revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the French Second Republic.

France annexed Madagascar in 1896 and declared it a colony the following year, dissolving the Merina monarchy and sending the royal family into exile on Reunion Island and to Algeria.

In 1924 he published one of his most famous works Les rois thaumaturges: étude sur le caractère surnaturel attribué à la puissance royale particulièrement en France et en Angleterre ( translated in English as The magic-working kings or The royal touch: sacred monarchy and scrofula in England and France ) in which he collected, described and studied the documents pertaining to the ancient tradition that the kings of the Middle Ages were able to cure the disease of scrofula simply by touching people suffering from it.

Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century, soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics.

In the latter, the battle was instrumental in forming the strong central monarchy that would characterise France until the first French Revolution.

Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system, whether or not they were replaced with democratic institutions ( such as in the US, France, China, Iran, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Egypt ).

* 1792 – The National Convention declares France a republic and abolishes the monarchy.