The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM, France ), combines these measurements to retrospectively calculate the weighted average that forms the most stable time scale possible.

The most important French social theorist since Foucault and Lévi-Strauss is Pierre Bourdieu, who trained formally in philosophy and sociology and eventually held the Chair of Sociology at the Collège de France.

This use of the title is said to have originated in the right conceded to the king of France, by the concordat between Pope Leo X and Francis I ( 1516 ), to appoint abbés commendataires to most of the abbeys in France.

de Pompadour, Louis XV's mistress, who was considered the most powerful woman in France at the time.

* 1802 – Napoleon Bonaparte signs a general amnesty to allow all but about one thousand of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France, as part of a reconciliary gesture with the factions of the Ancien Regime and to eventually consolidate his own rule.

A very small number of his instruments survive, dated between the years of 1560 and 1574 and most bearing the coat of arms of Charles IX of France.

( The Western Schism had begun in 1378 and there were two competing popes at the time, one in Avignon supported by France and Spain, and one in Rome supported by most of Italy, Germany and England.

For example the United States uses NTSC-M, the UK uses PAL-I, France uses SECAM-L, much of Western Europe and Australia uses PAL-B / G, most of Eastern Europe uses PAL-D / K or SECAM-D / K and so on.

According to a 2008 television programme, presented by Griff Rhys Jones, “ the flame has only been extinguished once, by a drunken Mexican football supporter on the night that France beat Brazil here in Paris ,” most likely referring to the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final.

In France, most claims against the national or local governments are handled by administrative courts, which use the Conseil d ' État ( Council of State ) as a court of last resort.

The castle was classified as a protected historical monument by France in 1984 and most of the domain now belongs to the Coastal Protection Agency and is managed by the city of Hendaye.

Celsius traveled frequently in the early 1730s, including to Germany, Italy, and France, when he visited most of the major European observatories.

The Great Powers, most notably France and Austria-Hungary, reacted to this diplomatic sensation by trying to dissuade the League from going to war, but failed.

She was the subject of Simone de Beauvoir's 1959 essay, The Lolita Syndrome, which described Bardot as a " locomotive of women's history " and built upon existentialist themes to declare her the first and most liberated woman of post-war France.

The previous year had been one of success for France and her allies, most particularly on the Danube, where Marshal Villars and the Elector of Bavaria had created a direct threat to Vienna, the Habsburg capital.

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France.

Just outside Paris, France, the Fontainebleau area is the biggest and most developed bouldering area in the world.

At the end of 1131, the kingdoms of France, England, Germany, Castile, and Aragon supported Innocent ; however, most of Italy, southern France, and Sicily, with the patriarchs of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem, supported Anacletus.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

Somewhat surprisingly, contracts throughout the world ( for example, contracts involving parties in Japan, France and Germany, and from most of the other states of the United States ) often choose the law of New York, even where the relationship of the parties and transaction to New York is quite attenuated.

Cambodia's boundaries were for the most part based upon those recognized by France and by neighboring countries during the colonial period.

The Royal Cambodian Government ( RGC ) has established diplomatic relations with most countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, as well as all of its Asian neighbors, to include the People's Republic of China, India, Vietnam, Laos, South Korea, North Korea, and Thailand.

Although drops in its external assistance budget have reduced French military and social development aid to the country, France remains the most important bilateral donor and the country from which C. A. R.

He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France.

Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet ( German: Münzkabinett Berlin ).

Other notable Teochew diaspora communities are in Vietnam and France.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

Persons who had a notable career in France returned to Corsica to write in Corsican, such as the musical producers, Dumenicu Togniotti, director of the Teatru Paisanu, which produced polyphonic musicals, 1973 – 1982, followed in 1980 by Michel Raffaelli's Teatru di a Testa Mora, and Saveriu Valentini's Teatru Cupabbia in 1984.

In 2011, visitor numbers rose by 0. 6 %, with a notable increase in visitors from Germany, and France.

Two notable Western composers for the kora are Brother Dominique Catta and Jacques Burtin ( France ), who wrote most of these scores, though composers like Carole Ouellet ( Canada ), Brother Grégoire Philippe ( Monastère de Keur Moussa ) and Sister Claire Marie Ledoux ( France ) contributed with original works.

The statutes were notable in that they both gave preference to students born in France who had already studied elsewhere in England, and that they required students to report fellow students if they indulged in excessive drinking or visited disreputable houses.

Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style.

Other notable contributors to the theosophical literature of the 16th and 17th centuries hailed from Holland, England, and France.

In France, where much of his work was produced, it is ; 30 March 185329 July 1890 ) was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.

Addresses of sympathy arrived from all parts of France ; for a week the vestibule of his house was crowded with notable writers, scientists, artists and politicians, who came to inscribe their names in the registers.

Francis also commissioned a number of agents in Italy to procure notable works of art and ship them to France.

Probably John's most notable feat of arms occurred in August – December 1373, when he attempted to relieve Aquitaine by the landward route, leading an army of some 9, 000 mounted men from Calais on a great chevauchée from north-eastern to south-western France on a 900 kilometer raid.

A notable difference in grammar which received considerable attention in France during the 1990s is the feminine form of many professions, which traditionally did not have a feminine form.

The raid also ' cushioned ' the area for conquest, opened up alliances with neighbours in Aquitaine, the one with Charles the Bad of Navarre being the most notable, and caused many regions to move towards autonomy from France, as France was not as united as England.

Several battalions of the regiment saw notable service in France and Belgium during the First World War, in particular the 1st, which became forever associated with the terribly destructive action at Mametz Wood in 1916, and the 2nd, which endured the horrors of the massacre in the mud of Passchendaele ( Third Ypres ) in 1917.

She appeared in many notable films in France during the 1950s, including Thérèse Raquin ( 1953 ), directed by Marcel Carné, Les Diaboliques ( 1954 ), and The Crucible ( Les Sorcières de Salem ; 1956 ), based on Arthur Miller's The Crucible.

He was one of the notable Parisians who enjoyed American-style cocktails, France being a nation of wine purists.

The Champs-Élysées, because of its size and proximity to several Parisian landmarks such as the Arc de Triomphe, has been the site of several notable military parades, the most infamous being the march of German troops celebrating the Fall of France on 14 June 1940, and the two most famous, the subsequent marches of Free French and American forces after the liberation of the city, respectively, the French 2nd Armored Division on 26 August 1944, and the U. S. 28th Infantry Division on 29 August 1944.

Farrand drew influence in her design from her several tours through Europe, where she visited many notable gardens throughout Italy, France, Germany, and England.