The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.

Following his death and the organisational deterioration of his empire, Asia Minor was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms which came under Roman control two hundred years later.

** Farnese Atlas, a 2nd-century Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic sculpture of the Titan, " Atlas "

Two hundred years later western and central Anatolia came under Roman control, but it continued to be strongly influenced by Hellenistic culture.

In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the existing buildings in the area of the Acropolis were repaired, due to damage from age, and occasionally, war.

Though associated with the Sassanid Persians and with Mithradates VI Eupator ( who for a time incorporated the city into his empire ), by the late Hellenistic or early Roman period, the star and crescent motif had been associated to some degree with Byzantium.

The most complete existing works dealing with the mythical origins of the constellations are by the Hellenistic writer termed pseudo-Eratosthenes and an early Roman writer styled pseudo-Hyginus.

The West first encountered this eastern heavy cavalry during the Hellenistic period with further intensive contacts during the eight centuries of the Roman – Persian wars.

However, " his plays continued to be applauded even after those of Aeschylus and Sophocles had come to seem remote and irrelevant ", they became school classics in the Hellenistic period ( as mentioned in the introduction ) and, due to Seneca's adaptation of his work for Roman audiences, " it was Euripides, not Aeschylus or Sophocles, whose tragic muse presided over the rebirth of tragedy in Renaissance Europe.

The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period ( see Koine Greek phonology for details ), and included:

Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece: lentil soup, fasolada, retsina ( white or rosé wine flavored with pine resin ) and pasteli ( candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey ); some to the Hellenistic and Roman periods: loukaniko ( dried pork sausage ); and Byzantium: feta cheese, avgotaraho ( cured fish roe ) and paximadi ( traditional hard bread baked from corn, barley and rye ).

After the death of Epicurus, his school was headed by Hermarchus ; later many Epicurean societies flourished in the Late Hellenistic era and during the Roman era ( such as those in Antiochia, Alexandria, Rhodes and Ercolano ).

The territory the tribes covered came to be known as Illyria to Hellenistic and Roman authors, corresponding roughly to the area between Adriatic sea in west, Drava river in North, Morava river in east and the mouth of Vjosë river in south.

Hannibal lived during a period of great tension in the Mediterranean, when the Roman Republic established its supremacy over other great powers such as Carthage, the Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedon, Syracuse, and the Seleucid empire.

At all times, however, through the Hellenistic periods, Roman, and throughout Western history into the present day, several of his characteristic objects are present as identification, but not always all together.

The subjects that would become the standard " Liberal Arts " in Roman and Medieval times already comprised the basic curriculum in the enkuklios paideia or " education in a circle " of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece.

Phalanxes remained dominant on battlefields throughout the Hellenistic period, although wars had developed into more protracted operations generally involving sieges and naval combat as much as field battles, until they were finally displaced by the Roman legions.

Weber noted that Judaism not only fathered Christianity and Islam, but was crucial to the rise of the modern Occidental state ; Judaism's influence was as important as Hellenistic and Roman cultures.

However, lack of archaeological evidence for Nazareth from Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic or Early Roman times, at least in the major excavations between 1955 and 1990, shows that the settlement apparently came to an abrupt end about 720 BC, when many towns in the area were destroyed by the Assyrians.

In Hellenistic and Roman times, some Pharisees were eager proselytizers, and had at least some success throughout the empire.

The Dying Gaul, a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BCE Capitoline Museums, Rome

Roman bust of Sappho, copied from a lost Hellenistic original in Istanbul Archaeological Museum

Overall, Hellenistic culture in the age that followed Alexander the Great itself showed syncretist features, essentially blending of Mesopotamian, Persian, Anatolian, Egyptian ( and eventually Etruscan – Roman ) elements within an Hellenic formula.

As Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared between the mainly Greek-speaking eastern provinces which had formed the highly urbanized Hellenistic civilization.

Many of the characteristic types of literary epigram look back to inscriptional contexts, particularly funerary epigram, which in the Hellenistic era becomes a literary exercise.

Tanit was worshiped in Punic contexts in the Western Mediterranean, from Malta to Gades into Hellenistic times.

A woman had been buried here in extended position on the back, together with an exceptionally rich treasure of grave-goods: six solid golden necklets, two golden spiral bracelets, two golden finger rings made from Hellenistic coins, a gilded wooden cup decorated with zoomorphic figures, a short sword with gold-decorated pommel ( the presence of a weapon in a woman's grave is not an unusual feature in Sarmatian contexts ) and a gold-covered scabbard, a sheet gold buckle, a gilded wooden cosmetics container, and clay vessels.

Pergamon ( or ἡ Πέργαμος ), or Pergamum, was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Aeolis, today located from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus ( modern day Bakırçay ), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281 – 133 BC.

The ruins of the city are located on the east bank of the Tigris, across the river from the Hellenistic city of Seleucia.

Posidonius, nicknamed " the Athlete ", was born to a Greek family in Apamea, a Hellenistic city on the river Orontes in northern Syria, and probably died in Rome or Rhodes.

Interest in Hermogenes of Priene ( late 3rd-early 2nd century BCE ), the Hellenistic architect of a temple of Artemis Leukophryene ( Artemision ) at Magnesia in Lydia, an Ionian colony on the banks of the Maeander river in Anatolia, has been sparked by references to his esthetic made by the 1st century Roman architect Vitruvius ( De Architectura, books iii, 2 and 6 ).

In Hellenistic times, especially during the 3rd century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, Titan god of the sun, and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene, Titan goddess of the moon.

During Classical and Hellenistic Greece he is usually depicted young and nude, with athleticism, as befits the god of speech and of the gymnastics, or a robe, a formula is set predominantly through the centuries.

In Hellenistic Egypt, the Greeks recognised the congruence of their god Hermes with the Egyptian god Thoth.

When the Greeks conquered Egypt under Alexander the Great, they transformed the Egyptian Horus into their Hellenistic god known as Harpocrates, a rendering from Egyptian Har-pa-khered or Heru-pa-khered ( meaning " Horus the Child ").

He was the Egyptian counterpart to the Greek god Apollo, who was made syncretic with Horus in the Hellenistic era as ' Horus the Elder '.

In the Hellenistic period the Greek-speaking Jews of Egypt, perhaps under the influence of Greek thought, came to believe that the good would not die but would go directly to God, while the wicked would really die and go to the realm of Hades, god of the underworld, where they would perhaps suffer torment.

* Serapis, a Hellenistic god of the Ptolemaic period in Egypt — the meaning usually intended

Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Serapis, after the god Serapis of Hellenistic Egypt.

Bethel meaning in Hebrew and Phoenician and Aramaic ' House of El ' or ' House of God ' is seemingly the name of a god or an aspect of a god in some ancient middle-eastern texts dating to the Assyrian, Persian and Hellenistic periods.

It claims to be the work of Hermes Trismegistus (" Hermes the Thrice-Greatest "), a legendary Hellenistic combination of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.

Starting with the Hellenistic period when Greece occupied parts of Central Asia and India, the Greek wind god Boreas became the god Wardo in Greco-Buddhist art, then a wind deity in China ( frescoes of the Tarim Basin ), and finally the Japanese Wind God Fujin.

Later, due to the influence of Armenian-Persian relations, god the Creator was identified as Aramazd, and during the era of Hellenistic influence, he was identified with Zeus.

The Marneion, the temple sacred to Zeus Marnas, who was the local Hellenistic incarnation of Dagon, the patron of agriculture, a god who had been worshipped in the Levant since the third millennium BCE, was set afire with pitch, sulfur and fat ; it continued to burn for many days ; stones of the Marneion were triumphantly reused for paving the streets.

It became known as Dionysias ( Greek: Διονύσιας ) in the Hellenistic and Roman times, for Dionysus the god of wine-the city is situated in a famous ancient wine-producing region.