Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism and Sikhism, etc., place particular emphasis on altruistic morality.

Germain Morin broke new ground by suggesting in 1899 that the writer was Isaac, a converted Jew and writer of a tract on the Trinity and Incarnation, who was exiled to Spain in 378-380 and then relapsed to Judaism ; but he afterwards abandoned this theory of the authorship in favour of Decimus Hilarianus Hilarius, proconsul of Africa in 377.

The Samaritans of Samaria ( see map at Iudaea Province ), had their temple on Mount Gerizim, and along with some other differences, see Samaritanism, were in conflict with Jews of Judea and Galilee and other regions who had their Temple in Jerusalem and practiced Judaism.

Rudolf Steiner wrote and lectured on Judaism and Jewish issues for much of his life.

He served on the faculty of Hebrew Union College ( HUC ), the main seminary of Reform Judaism, in Cincinnati for five years.

Heschel then goes on to explore the problems of doubts and faith ; what Judaism means by teaching that God is one ; the essence of humanity and the problem of human needs ; the definition of religion in general and of Judaism in particular ; and human yearning for spirituality.

: Heschel wrote a series of articles, originally in Hebrew, on the existence of prophecy in Judaism after the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE.

The contents are correspondingly varied: a confession of sin and a plea to God not to maintain his anger forever ( ch. 63: 7 – 64: 11 ); a poem on the theme that God has no need of a temple because Heaven is his throne and Earth his footstool ( Isaiah 66: 1 – 2 ); verses setting out conditions for admission to the community ; complaints of sin, incompetence and paganism ; and distinctions between the " righteous " and the " sinners ", foreshadowing the categories used in much later Judaism and early Christianity.

In Judaism it is traditionally recited on the fast day of Tisha B ' Av (" Ninth of Av ") the saddest day on the Jewish calendar mourning the destruction of both the First and the Second Temples in Jerusalem.

Papers from a recent Rabbinical Assembly conference on theology were printed in a special issue of the journal Conservative Judaism ( Winter 1999 ); the editors note that Kaplan's naturalism seems to have dropped from the movement's radar screen.

They believe that the Orthodox Jewish movements, on the theological right, have erred by slowing down, or stopping, the historical development of Jewish law: " Conservative Judaism believes that scholarly study of Jewish texts indicates that Judaism has constantly been evolving to meet the needs of the Jewish people in varying circumstances, and that a central halakhic authority can continue the halakhic evolution today.

* The Core Principles of Conservative Judaism, by Ismar Schorsch on behalf of the Jewish Theological Seminary

* Research and articles on Conservative Judaism on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner

* Conservative Judaism on My Jewish Learning

* An intro to Conservative Judaism on Soc. Culture. Jewish Newsgroups

* Southern Baptist views on Judaism and other faiths

Judaism places emphasis on the right conduct ( or orthopraxy ), focusing on the Mosaic Covenant that the God of Israel, made with the Israelites, as recorded in the Torah and Talmud.

Jews hold that other nations and peoples are not required ( nor expected ) to obey the Law of Moses, with the notable exception that the only laws Judaism believes are automatically binding ( in order to be assured of a place in the world to come ) on other nations are known as the Seven Laws of Noah.

Christians explain that such selectivity is based on rulings made by early Jewish Christians in the Book of Acts, at the Council of Jerusalem, that, while believing gentiles did not need to fully convert to Judaism, they should follow some aspects of Torah like avoiding idolatry and fornication and blood, including, according to some interpretations, homosexuality.

Some Christians agree that Jews who accept Jesus should still observe all of Torah, see for example Dual-covenant theology, based on warnings by Jesus to Jews not to use him as an excuse to disregard it, and they support efforts of those such as Messianic Jews ( Messianic Judaism is considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity ) to do that, but some Protestant forms of Christianity oppose all observance to the Mosaic law, even by Jews, which Luther criticised as Antinomianism, see Antinomianism # Antinomian Controversies in Lutheranism and Luther # Anti-Antinomianism for details.

The term, however, is notably used to construct the names of religions in Chinese: the terms for Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and other religions in Chinese all end with jiào.

The differences between the more modern and traditional branches of American Judaism came to a head in 1883, at the " Trefa Banquet " at the Highland House entertainment pavilion, which was at the top of the Mount Adams Incline – where shellfish and other non-kosher dishes were served at the celebration of the first graduating class of Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati.

By contrast, Rabbinic Judaism subsequently took the opposite view, espoused by Hillel, the leader of the other major Pharisee school of thought at the time ; in Hillel's view, men were allowed to divorce their wives for any reason.

In contrast to Judaism and many other traditions, he taught that there is a place for voluntary singleness in Christian service.

For example, while in a conversion to Judaism a convert must accept basic Jewish principles of faith, and renounce all other religions, the process is more like a form of adoption, or changing national citizenship ( i. e. becoming a formal member of the people, or tribe ), with the convert becoming a " child of Abraham and Sarah.

Christmas and other Christian festivals have no religious significance in Judaism and are not celebrated.

While these characteristics fit a Monophysite framework, a slight majority of scholars consider that Ignatius was waging a polemic on two distinct fronts, one Jewish, the other docetic, while a distinct minority holds that he is concerned with a group that commingled Judaism and docetism.

Judaism addresses the end times in the Book of Daniel and numerous other prophetic passages in the Hebrew scriptures, and also in the Talmud, particularly Tractate Avodah Zarah.

In Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah ritual that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover seder and the Brit milah ( ritual circumcision ).

If Matthew's prime concern was to preserve the Jewish character of the church, he failed: Christianity became a Gentile religion, and Christianity and Judaism came to view each other as opposites.

Again in second-wave feminism in the U. S., as well as in many European and other countries, religion became the focus of some feminist analysis in Judaism, Christianity, and other religions, and some women turned to ancient goddess religions as an alternative to Abrahamic religions ( Womanspirit Rising 1979 ; Weaving the Visions 1989 ).

Of other religions Islam was at 0. 8 per cent, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism were all at around 0. 1 per cent.

According to Tracey R. Rich of the website " Judaism 101 ", Judaism, unlike other world-religions, is not focused on the quest of getting into heaven but on life and how to live it.

" Modern critics, however, have charged that with the rise of movements that challenge the " Divine " authority of halakha, traditional Jews have greater reluctance to change, not only the laws themselves but also other customs and habits, than traditional Rabbinical Judaism did prior to the advent of Reform in the 19th century.

Orthodox Judaism also commands the use of scarves and other head coverings for women for modesty reasons.

For men, Islam, Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox Christianity, Roman Catholicism and other religious groups have at various times recommended or required the covering of the head and sections of the hair of men, and some have dictates relating to the cutting of men's facial and head hair.

In this, Islam resembles socially conservative interpretations of other Abrahamic religions such as Judaism and Christianity.

In addition to synagogues, other buildings of significance in Judaism include yeshivas, or institutions of Jewish learning, and mikvahs, which are ritual baths.

On the other hand, Reconstructionist Judaism and Reform Judaism do not hold this view and allow homosexual intercourse.

On the other hand, the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies of the University of Judaism ( now the American Jewish University ) in Los Angeles had previously stated that it will immediately begin admitting gay and lesbian students as soon as the law committee passes a policy that sanctions gay ordination.

On the one hand it refers to the phenomenon of being saved by divine agency — such as is the case in Christianity, Judaism and Islam.

On the other hand, some scholars hold that Judaism refined its concept of monotheism and adopted features such as its eschatology, angelology and demonology through contacts with Zoroastrianism .< ref >

On the other hand, some retort that Rabbinic Judaism is the heir of the Pharisees and that the verse should still be considered an attack on Judaism as a whole.

According to the early Slavic chronicle called Tale of Bygone Years, which describes life in Kyivan Rus ' up to the year 1110, he sent his envoys throughout the civilized world to judge at first hand the major religions of the time — Islam, Roman Catholicism, Judaism, and Byzantine Orthodoxy.

Importantly, Maimonides, while enumerating the above, added the following caveat " There is no difference between Biblical statement ' his wife was Mehithabel ' 10, 6 on the one hand an " unimportant " verse, and ' Hear, O Israel ' on the other an " important " verse ... anyone who denies even such verses thereby denies God and shows contempt for his teachings more than any other skeptic, because he holds that the Torah can be divided into essential and non-essential parts ..." The uniqueness of the 13 fundamental beliefs was that even a rejection out of ignorance placed one outside Judaism, whereas the rejection of the rest of Torah must be a conscious act to stamp one as an unbeliever.

The Reform branch of Judaism on the other hand recognizes patrilineage and does acknowledge unusual descent outside of the European and indigenous Middle Eastern spheres.

Paul, on the other hand, represented a breach with Judaism, the Temple, and the Law.

If the older Halakhah is to be considered as the product of the internal struggle between Phariseeism and Sadduceeism, the Halakhah of Akiva must be conceived as the result of an external contest between Judaism on the one hand and Hellenism and Hellenistic Christianity on the other.

" On the other hand, Voltaire in his writings on religion was spiteful and intolerant of the practice of the Christian religion, and rabbi Joseph Telushkin has claimed that the most significant of Enlightenment hostility against Judaism was found in Voltaire.

In symbolic hand washing, using water only to wash hands is a part of ritual handwashing as a feature of many religions, including Bahá ' í Faith, Hinduism, and tevilah and netilat yadayim in Judaism.

In Chassidic Judaism, when one meets a Rabbi, it is customary to kiss his right hand.