We have to distinguish between line source AAS ( LS AAS ) and continuum source AAS ( CS AAS ).

In classical LS AAS, as it has been proposed by Alan Walsh, the high spectral resolution required for AAS measurements is provided by the radiation source itself that emits the spectrum of the analyte in the form of lines that are narrower than the absorption lines.

Hollow cathode lamps ( HCL ) are the most common radiation source in LS AAS.

Deuterium HCL or even hydrogen HCL and deuterium discharge lamps are used in LS AAS for background correction purposes.

As already pointed out above, we have to distinguish between medium-resolution spectrometers that are used for LS AAS and high-resolution spectrometers that are designed for CS AAS.

In LS AAS the high resolution that is required for the measurement of atomic absorption is provided by the narrow line emission of the radiation source, and the monochromator simply has to resolve the analytical line from other radiation emitted by the lamp.

Another feature to make LS AAS element-specific is modulation of the primary radiation and the use of a selective amplifier that is tuned to the same modulation frequency, as already postulated by Alan Walsh.

This way any ( unmodulated ) radiation emitted for example by the atomizer can be excluded, which is imperative for LS AAS.

Simple monochromators of the Littrow or ( better ) the Czerny-Turner design are typically used for LS AAS.

Photomultiplier tubes are the most frequently used detectors in LS AAS, although solid state detectors might be preferred because of their better signal-to-noise ratio.

There are several techniques available to correct for background absorption, and they are significantly different for LS AAS and HR-CS AAS.

It should also be pointed out that in LS AAS there is no way to correct for ( the rare case of ) a direct overlap of two atomic lines.

In essence there are three techniques used for background correction in LS AAS:

In HR-CS AAS background correction is carried out mathematically in the software using information from detector pixels that are not used for measuring atomic absorption ; hence, in contrast to LS AAS, no additional components are required for background correction.

As measurement of total and background absorption, and correction for the latter, are strictly simultaneous ( in contrast to LS AAS ), even the fastest changes of background absorption, as they may be observed in ET AAS, do not cause any problem.

In addition, as the same algorithm is used for background correction and elimination of lamp noise, the background corrected signals show a much better signal-to-noise ratio compared to the uncorrected signals, which is also in contrast to LS AAS.

In the case of the LS coupling, one can sum over all electrons in the atom:

* United States Consumer Guide's categorization which sorts luxury vehicles by size acknowledges that there can be considerable price variations within a class ; for instance the Lincoln Town Car has a relatively low MSRP ( Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price ) compared to the Jaguar XJ, BMW 7 Series, Lexus LS, or Mercedes-Benz S-Class.

The L segment can also be inverted resulting in a total of four linear isomers ( I < sub > L </ sub > and I < sub > LS </ sub >).

The tick-mark here represents the omitted subfamily designator -- most commonly HC ( high-speed CMOS ), but can also be blank ( original TTL ), C ( CMOS ), LS ( low-power Schottky ), and many others.

The low-power Schottky ( LS ) 5400 series can withstand 1000 krad, and many ECL devices can withstand 10 000 krad.

There is evidence that LS can be associated with thyroid disease.

Sometimes, LS can be found on kids and men from all ages.

Some findings suggest that LS can be initiated through scarring or radiation, although these findings were sporadic and very uncommon.

10. 2 may also augment the LS ( left surround ) and RS ( right surround ) channels by two point surround channels that can more finely manipulate sound — allowing the mixer to shift sounds in a distinct 360 ° circle around the movie watcher.

The LS model was only ever available in three different exterior colors: Aurora White ( 1000 made ), Brilliant Black ( 1000 made ) and Solar Gold ( 500 made ).

In Japan, while the VX-and RX-trimmed 4-door used the 1. 5 L EW5 engine, all other model and trim combinations offered only the DOHC ZC engine, with a carburetor on GS, ZS, and LS trim packages, and PGM-FI on the top level GSi 3-and 5-door, and the RSi 3-door trim package.

In November 2007, HDS Retail Asia Pacific ( now known as LS Travel Retail ) opened China's first and only Virgin Books and Music travel outlet at Hongqiao International Airport in Shanghai.

Both packages were similar in both models, but the base Cougar's LS package only came on the sedan.

The digital instrument cluster, previously optional on the GS / LS models, became standard with exception to the limited edition XR-7, which became analog only.

In 1993, as part of a consolidation of the model lineup, the LS nameplate was dropped completely and the XR-7, now badged XR7, became the only model available.

Three trim levels were available, LS, GL ( known as ' Super ' in certain markets ) and GLS — the GLS being only available in a high-compression 1. 6 L form.

On the home market, two-and four-door saloons were available in base trim ( 55 or 60 PS, called simply Audi 80 and 80 S, respectively ), as L models ( LS with 75 PS engine ) or as a more luxurious GL ( 85 PS only ).

The HJ Monaro LS coupe is close to being the rarest regular production car ever made in Australia with only 337 units produced.

The GM LS engine family is an engine design intended as the only V-8 engine used in General Motors ' line of rear-wheel-drive cars and trucks.

After 1983, the station wagon was discontinued, subsequently offered only as the woodgrained Colony Park ; it shared much of its interior trim with the deluxe-trim Grand Marquis LS sedan.

The last TH models built between May and June 2000, were 1000 Executive LS units ( automatic only ), which were similar to the discontinued Altera LS but without power windows, dual airbags and somewhat not fully colour coded.

Also, the LT1 / 2 options for the Suburban and SLE1 / 2 and SLT1 / 2 options on the Yukon XL were discontinued, leaving the Suburban with only a LS, LT and LTZ trim and the Yukon XL with a SLE and SLT trim.

In 1994, all Legends received new front bumpers, a new front grille ( L & LS Sedans only ), revised trunk lids, and a power tilt-telescoping steering column ; the word " Legend " was now spelled out in individual letters on the back.

In spite of this, Lincoln stopped production of the manual transmission model LS after 2002 due to low sales figures ; only 2, 331 were produced.

LS Power also agreed to return all its Class B shares, so that Dynegy would only have 95 million shares of common stock outstanding.

For the Mitsubishi branded versions sold only in the United States, the coupe and four-window sedan were offered in base, S, ES and LS trim levels.

As a consequence, only S and LS Mirage coupes returned for model year 1995, and both benefitted from a new passenger's side airbag and covered center console ( and therefore the deletion of the motorized front seatbelts ).

In order to avoid introducing the nameplate with only one model, the LS 400, Lexus debuted the ES alongside their flagship sedan.

The Lacetti was available in Canada as the Chevrolet Optra in two models, a four-door hatchback ( the Optra5 ), and an Optra Wagon, all in LS or LT trim levels ( 2005 Wagon only had Base or LS trim levels ).

SE trim comes in manual transmission only, while LS and CDX trim come in 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.