R. Gershom, his brother Machir, Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils ( Tob ' Elem ) of Limoges, R. Tam ( Jacob ben Meïr ), Menahem ben Perez of Joigny, Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil, Judah of Paris, Meïr Spira, and R. Meïr of Rothenburg made Masoretic compilations, or additions to the subject, which are all more or less frequently referred to in the marginal glosses of Biblical codices and in the works of Hebrew grammarians.

The Masoretic annotations are found in various forms: ( a ) in separate works, e. g., the Oklah we-Oklah ; ( b ) in the form of notes written in the margins and at the end of codices.

The Council officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible which included the deuterocanonical works ( also called the Apocrypha, especially by Protestants ) on a par with the 39 books customarily found in the Masoretic Text and the Protestant Old Testament.

* Where the Gospel of Barnabas includes quotations from the Old Testament, these correspond to readings as found in the Latin Vulgate ; rather than as found in either the Greek Septuagint, or the Hebrew Masoretic Text.

While the Masoretic Text defines the books of the Jewish canon, it also defines the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation known as the Masorah.

However, despite these variations, most of the Qumran fragments can be classified as being closer to the Masoretic text than to any other text group that has survived.

A series of highly similar texts eventually emerged, and any of these texts are known as Masoretic Texts ( MT ).

In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants not present in the Masoretic texts.

The earliest known copies of the Book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls use these two Hebrew letters for their paragraph divisions, although they differ slightly from the Masoretic divisions.

Both of these translations have, like the Masoretic Text, been the basis for translations into numerous vernacular languages.

Since the Masoretic text of L consists of both consonants / plene vowels ( the " consonant text "), the Tiberian vocalization system ( vocalization of the consonant text ), and Masorah notes, all of these need to be accurately reproduced for the BHS to be called an " exact copy " of L. This is usually the case.

Jews, Protestants, and Catholics all use the Masoretic text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books ( those which are received by both Jews and all Christians ), with various emendations derived from a multiplicity of other ancient witnesses ( such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.

The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically ( and possibly pejoratively in English ) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text ( also called the Tanakh or Miqra ) and most modern Protestant Bibles.

There are three main versions of the Book of Daniel: the twelve-chapter version preserved in the Masoretic text and two longer Greek versions ( the original Septuagint version, c. 100 BCE, and the later Theodotion version, c. 2nd century CE ).

Both the Greek versions contain apocryphal chapters that are not found in the Masoretic text.

In all, about 2, 700 words found in the Masoretic text are not found in the Septuagint.

Also, the ' Oracles against the Nations ', that appear as chapters 46-51 in the Masoretic and most dependent versions, in the Septuagint are located right after 25: 13, and in a different order.

The oldest surviving manuscripts of Isaiah are two scrolls found among the Dead Sea Scrolls: dating from about a century before the time of Jesus, they are substantially identical with the Masoretic version which forms the basis of most modern English-language versions of the book.

The modern Hebrew text ( called the Masoretic text ) differs considerably from the Greek, and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents.

In the Masoretic listing, it follows Nahum and precedes Zephaniah, who are considered to be his contemporaries.

The divergences between the Hebrew text of the scroll and the standard Masoretic Text are startlingly minimal.

The term is used as a matter of convenience by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and other Churches to refer to books of their Old Testament which are not part of the Masoretic Text.

Some books that are set apart in the Masoretic text are grouped together.

While the vowel points of א ֲ ד ֹ נ ָ י ( Aḏōnáy ) and י ְ ה ֹ ו ָ ה ( Yəhōwāh ) are very similar, they are not identical, which may indicate that the Masoretic vowel pointing represented the actual pronunciation of the name YHWH and was not or not only an indication to use a substitute name ( Qere-Ketiv ).

In the Qumran community's Great Isaiah Scroll, dated at c. 100 BC, the words are not identical to the Masoretic text:

The verses are available in three manuscript traditions, the Masoretic, the Septuagint and the Samaritan Torah.

Unlike the Septuagint, large-scale deviations in sense between the Greek of Aquila and Theodotion and what we now know as the Masoretic text are minimal.

The most important of the Masoretic notes are those that detail the Kethiv-Qere that are located in the Masorah parva in the outside margins of BHS.

In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.

First Esdras is substantially the same as Masoretic Ezra, with one notable addition corresponding to the middle of Ezra Chapter 4.

* Masoretic Ezra

The noun occurs 19 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, once in 1 Chronicles 9, then the remainder in Ezra and Nehemiah, and always in the plural.

In addition to being married to Jochebed, Amram is also described in the Bible as having been related to Jochebed prior to the marriage, although the exact relationship is uncertain ; some Greek and Latin manuscripts of the Septuagint state that Jochebed was Amram's father's cousin, and others state that Amram was Jochebed's cousin, but the Masoretic text states that he was Jochebed's nephew.

The term abaddon appears six times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible ; abaddon means destruction or " place of destruction ", or the realm of the dead, and is associated with Sheol.

This discovery has shed much light on the differences between the two versions ; while it was previously maintained that the Greek Septuagint ( the version used by the earliest Christians ) was only a poor translation, professor Emanuel Tov, senior editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls ' publication, wrote that the Masoretic edition either represents a substantial rewriting of the original Hebrew, or there had previously been two different versions of the text.

; Masoretic Text

In Jonah 1: 6, the Masoretic Text ( MT ) reads, "... perhaps God will pay heed to us ...." Targum Jonah translates this passage as: "... perhaps there will be mercy from the Lord upon us ...." The captain's proposal is no longer an attempt to change the divine will ; it is an attempt to appeal to divine mercy.

Canaan ( Northwest Semitic ; Phoenician: ; Biblical Hebrew: / ; Masoretic: / ; / Kan ‘ ān ) is a historical Semitic-speaking region roughly corresponding to the Levant ( modern-day Israel, Palestinian territories, Lebanon, and the western parts of Jordan and Syria ).

Partly his reasons were sound scholarly ones — the Masoretic text claims an unbroken history of careful transcription stretching back centuries — but his choice was confirmed for him, because it placed Creation exactly four thousand years before 4 BC, the generally accepted date for the birth of Christ ; moreover, he calculated, Solomon's temple was completed in the year 3000 from creation, so that there were exactly 1000 years from the temple to Christ, who was the fulfilment of the Temple .< ref > James Barr, Biblical Chronology: Legend Or Science?

The Tanakh contains 24 books in all ; its authoritative version is the Masoretic Text.

However, other texts, including many of those from Qumran, differ substantially, indicating that the Masoretic Text was but one of a diverse set of Biblical writings ( Lane Fox 1991: 99-106 ; Tov 1992: 115 ).

There have been very many published editions of the Masoretic text ; this is a list of some of the most important.

Passages in the texts of Jubilees that are directly parallel to verses in Genesis do not directly reproduce either of the two surviving manuscript traditions ; consequently, the lost Hebrew original is thought to have used an otherwise unrecorded text for Genesis and the early chapters of Exodus, one that was independent of either the Masoretic text or the Hebrew text that was the basis for the Septuagint.

Cappel's second important work, Critica sacra, went further, and was controversial from a theological point of view ; having dismissed the antiquity of the vowel points, he now held, based on the various readings in the text and the differences between the ancient versions and the Masoretic text, that the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was susceptible to change, corruption, and human interference, which amounted to an attack on the verbal inspiration of Scripture.

( Because of disagreement over where chapters begin, the verse Hobbes quotes is usually given as in modern Christian translations into English, Job 41: 25 in the Masoretic text, Septuagint, and the Luther Bible ; it is 41: 24 in the Vulgate.

In addition to numerous other problems with understanding the ambiguous nature of this law, there are no vowelization characters in the Torah ; they are provided by the Masoretic tradition.

This reference to Cainan is present in the Septuagint and Samaritan versions of the Book of Genesis, as well as in the Book of Jubilees ; however, the early Christian apologists Irenaeus and Eusebius believed it to be an error, as do many modern interpreters, mainly on the basis of his omission from the Masoretic ( Hebrew ) version.

The Tiberian vocalization ( or Tiberian pointing, Tiberian niqqud ; ) is a system of diacritics devised by the Masoretes to add to the consonantal Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible ; this system soon became used to vocalize other texts as well.