The most famous are the Olympiacus of Gorgias, the Olympiacus of Lysias, and the Panegyricus and Panathenaicus ( neither of them, however, actually delivered ) of Isocrates.

In Panathenaicus, Isocrates argues with a student about the literacy of the Spartans.

Some of his orations are eulogies on the power of certain divinities, others are panegyrics on towns, such as Smyrna, Cyzicus, Rome ; one among them is a Panathenaicus, and an imitation of that of Isocrates.

Isocrates writes that at Therapne Helen and Menelaus were worshiped as gods, and not as heroes.

He is succeeded by his son, Nicocles, who continues his father's liberal Hellenising policy in Cyprus, encouraged by Isocrates, who writes his Exhortation to Nicocles.

Instead, they would speak for themselves and hire people like Isocrates to write speeches for them in exchange for a fee.

The Triballi were often described as a wild and warlike people ( Isocrates ), and in Aristophanes, a Triballian is introduced as a specimen of an uncivilized barbarian.

Others however contend that a speaker's ethos extends to and is shaped by the overall moral character and history of the speaker — that is, what people think of his or her character before the speech is even begun ( cf Isocrates ).

Isocrates also states that many people migrated from Greece to Cyprus because of the noble rule of Evagoras.

Slightly less known because they are more technical and legal are the orations by Antiphon, Demosthenes, Lysias, Isocrates and many others.

Here he became a pupil of Isocrates, and rapidly made great progress in rhetoric ; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit ( Cicero, Brutus, 204 ).

Though in his development of the periodic sentence he followed Isocrates, the essential tendencies of his style are those of Lysias.

Thus for example Isocrates includes him among " the best advisers for human life ", even able to be ignored as a wowser, yet Plato's Socrates cites some Theognidean verses to dismiss the poet as a confused and self-contradictory sophist whose teachings are not to be trusted, while a modern scholar excuses self-contradictions as typical of a lifelong poet writing over many years and at the whim of inspiration.

Yet many of Plato's criticisms are hard to substantiate in the work of Isocrates, and at the end of his Phaedrus Plato even has Socrates praising Isocrates, though some scholars take this to be sarcastic.

" Isocrates said that the root of education is bitter, but the fruits are sweet.

All particulars about his life are unknown, and were so even in the time of Dionysius, since Hermippus, who had written an account of the disciples of Isocrates, did not mention Isaeus at all.

In the Codex Urbinus of Isocrates, and in the Clarke Plato of AD 888, at Oxford, there are indications of partial stichometry.

After the death of Julian in the following year Himerius returned to Athens, where he established a school of rhetoric, which he compared with that of Isocrates and the Delphic oracle, owing to the number of those who flocked from all parts of the world to hear him.

Quintilian also “ insists that his ideal orator is no philosopher because the philosopher does not take as a duty participation in civic life ; this is constitutive of Quintilian's ( and Isocrates ' and Cicero's ) ideal orator " ( Walzer, 26 ).

The ethos Erasmus sets forth within The Education of a Christian Prince ( Institutio principis christiani ), similar to the Isocratean manner of setting himself apart from potentially incompetent teachers, he shows a certain disdain “ against the sophists .” Actually referring to Isocrates, Erasmus, in the preface of Christian Prince and addressing Charles the prince, he states, “ or he was a sophist, instructing some petty king or rather tyrant, and both were pagans ”.

Erasmus ’ use of logos and pathos immediately follow when he completes the eschewing of Isocrates: “ I am a theologian addressing a renowned and upright prince, Christians both of us ”.

The hypothesis to Isocrates ' Helen mentions that Anaximenes, too, had written a Helen, " though it is more a defense speech ( apologia ) than an encomium ," and concludes that he was " the man who has written about Helen " to whom Isocrates refers ( Isoc.

Among the exiled were Damasistratus and his son Theopompus, who had received instruction from the school and went on to study with Isocrates in Athens before becoming a historian.

* Timaeus, Greek historian who has studied rhetoric under a pupil of Isocrates ( b. c. 345 BC )

Diodorus Siculus, a compiler of histories in the time of Augustus, presents a generally favorable account of Theramenes, which appears to be drawn from the noted historian Ephorus, who studied in Athens under Isocrates who was taught by Theramenes.

These stereotypes were voiced with much shrillness by writers like Isocrates in the 4th century BC who called for a war of conquest against Persia as a panacea for Greek problems.

Isocrates saw the ideal orator as someone who must not only possess rhetorical gifts, but possess also a wide knowledge of philosophy, science, and the arts.

The proposition by anti-nationalists is that Isocrates said that " A Greek is he who shares our common culture " ( meaning Greek culture ) and understand from that that he was an early proponent of multiculturalism who wanted barbarians as well as Greeks becoming a part of the Greek ethnic group.

Other notable philosophers of the Golden Age included Anaxagoras ; Democritus ( who first inquired as to what substance lies within all matter, the earliest known proposal of what is now called the atom or its sub-units ); Empedocles ; Hippias ; Isocrates ; Parmenides ; Heraclitus ; and Protagoras.

Zoilus also wrote responses to works by Isocrates and Plato, who had attacked the style of Lysias of which he approved.

Diodorus was probably following the history of Ephorus at this point, who in turn was presumably influenced by his teacher Isocrates — from whom there is the earliest reference to the supposed peace, in 380 BC.

* Isocrates – In his well-known treatise, Against the Sophists, Isocrates rebukes sophists for charging exorbitant fees for promises they could not keep (“ producing ” learners who could speak on any subject at length ).

In the decades immediately preceding Macedon's domination of the Greek city-states, Chios was home to a school of rhetoric which Isocrates had opened, as well as a faction aligned with Sparta.

Our knowledge of the Peace of Callias comes from references by the fourth century orators Isocrates and Demosthenes as well as the historian Diodorus.

Rather than delineating static rules, Isocrates stressed " fitness for the occasion ," or kairos ( the rhetor's ability to adapt to changing circumstances and situations ).

We possess two declamations under his name: On Sophists, directed against Isocrates and setting forth the superiority of extempore over written speeches ( a more recently discovered fragment of another speech against Isocrates is probably of later date ); Odysseus ( perhaps spurious ) in which Odysseus accuses Palamedes of treachery during the siege of Troy

According to the Athenian rhetorician Isocrates, Demeter's greatest gifts to humankind were agriculture, particularly of cereals, and the Mysteries which give the initiate higher hopes in this life and the afterlife.

In his work, Antidosis, Isocrates states, " we have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts ; and, generally speaking, there is not institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us to establish ".

In Greek mythology, Isocrates, in his witty declamation Busiris recounts " the false tale of Heracles and Busiris " ( 11. 30 – 11. 40 ), which was a comic subject represented almost entirely in the repertory of early 5th century BC Athenian vase-painters: the theme has a narrow narrative range, according to Niall Livingstone: Heracles being led to sacrifice ; his escape ; the killing of Busiris ; the rout of his entourage.

At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352 ‑ 351 he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among the competitors.

He edited Isocrates, Panegyricus ( 1831 ); with Sauppe, Lycurgus, Leocralca ( 1834 ) and Oratores Atticae ( 1838 – 1850 ); with Orelli and Winckelmann, a critical edition of Plato ( 1839 – 1842 ), which marked a distinct advance in the text, two new manuscripts being laid under contribution ; with Orelli, Babrius, Fabellae Iambicae nuper repertae ( 1845 ); Isocrates, in the Didot collection of classics ( 1846 ).

* Commentaries on the Attic Orators (, Perì tôn Attikôn rhētórōn ), which, however, only deal with Lysias, Isaeus, Isocrates and ( by way of supplement ) Dinarchus ;

Unlike most rhetoric schools of the time, which were taught by itinerant sophists, Isocrates defined himself with his treatise Against the Sophists.

He had already published ( 1814 ) an edition, with critical notes and commentary, of the Antidosis of Isocrates, the complete text of which, based upon the manuscripts in the Ambrosian and Laurentian libraries, had been made known by Andreas Mustoxydis of Corfu.

For instance, the Athenian Isocrates ( 436 – 338 BC ) in his Plataicus ( which details the destruction of Plataea by the Thebans ), makes no mention of the Theban victory in Leuctra, and harshly reviles Thebes throughout.

In the following year appeared his Eloge d ' Hélène, a free imitation rather than a translation from Isocrates, which he had sketched in 1798.

7, 28 ) Demosthenes was peculiarly distinguished by force ( vis ), Aeschines by resonance ( sonitus ); Hypereides by acuteness ( acumen ); Isocrates by sweetness ( suavitas ); the distinction which he assigns to Lysias is subtilitas, an Attic refinement — which, as he elsewhere says ( Brutus, 16, 64 ) is often joined to an admirable vigour ( lacerti ).

Of Alcionio's numerous translations of Greek classics into Latin, which included the orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes mentioned by Ambrogio Leoni, only his Aristotle has survived ( Simon Finch ).

There is extant a letter addressed to him by Isocrates, in which the rhetorician commends him for his good qualities gives him some very common-place advice, and recommends to his notice a friend of his, named Autocrator, the bearer of the epistle.