* 1511 – Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Malacca Sultanate.

* 1643 – Afonso VI of Portugal ( d. 1683 )

In 1138, Ali ibn Yusuf was defeated by Alfonso VII of León, and in the Battle of Ourique ( 1139 ), by Afonso I of Portugal, who thereby won his crown.

Afonso I ( 25 June 1109, Guimarães or Viseu – 6 December 1185, Coimbra ), more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (), nicknamed " the Conqueror " (), " the Founder " () or " the Great " () by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali (" the Portuguese ") and Ibn-Arrik (" son of Henry ", " Henriques ") by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal.

Afonso, born in 1109, took the title of Prince after taking the throne of his mother, supported by the generality of the Portuguese nobility who disliked the alliance between Galicia and Portugal Countess Theresa had come to, marrying a second time the most powerful Galician count.

Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portugal ( up to then Southern Galicia ) into a Kingdom of Portugal and Galicia as before was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler ( Duke of Portugal ) after demands for independence from the county's church and nobles.

On 6 April 1129, Afonso Henriques dictated the writ in which he proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal.

Portugal was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests Afonso had made in Galicia ( north of the Minho ) in the previous years.

In the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent crown with the right to conquer lands from the Moors.

Afonso II (; English Alphonzo ), or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ), Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ), nicknamed " the Fat " ( Portuguese o Gordo ), King of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city.

In order to get the independence of Portugal recognized by Rome, his grandfather, Afonso I, had to legislate an enormous number of privileges to the Church.

He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Urraca of Castile ; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who was removed from the throne on 4 January 1248.

As the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal, Afonso was not expected to inherit the throne, which was destined to go to his elder brother Sancho.

Afonso, of course, did not refuse the papal order and marched to Portugal.

Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 ), called the Brave (), was King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death.

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

Afonso V (, originally Affonso ) KG ( 15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 ), called the African (), was King of Portugal and the Algarves.

Contemporary portrait of Afonso V of Portugal, as depicted in the Itinerarium of Georg von Ehingen ( printed 1600, Augsburg, but based on earlier image c. 1470 )

Afonso was born in Sintra, the eldest son of King Edward of Portugal by his wife, Eleanor of Aragon.

* 1385 – John, Master of the Order of Aviz, is made king John I of Portugal.

He was the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal by his wife, Dulce, Infanta of Aragon.

After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

* Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza, son of John I of Portugal.

* Afonso, Duke of Porto, son of Louis I of Portugal.

* Cardinal Afonso of Portugal, son of Manuel I of Portugal.

* Afonso I of Portugal ( 1094 – 1195 ) ( Afonso Henriques ), the son of Henry of Burgundy

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

Except for the House of Braganza ( founded by an illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal, who was himself illegitimate ), all current major Capetian branches are of the Bourbon cadet branch.

Depiction of the Crux ( labelled ' Las Guardas ') by physician-astronomer Mestre João Faras in his letter of May 1, 1500, to King Manuel I of Portugal from the newly discovered land of Brazil

Historians generally credit João Faras-astronomer and physician of King Manuel I of Portugal who accompanied Pedro Álvares Cabral in the discovery of Brazil in 1500-for being the first European to depict it correctly.

* 1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree of expulsion of " heretics " from the country.

The name was given in 1927 and refers to the fact that a detachment of dragoons escorted the Prince Royal of Portugal, Pedro I, at the time when he declared Brazilian independence from Portugal, on September 7, 1822.

* 1521 – Manuel I of Portugal ( b. 1469 )

When Napoleon I ordered the invasion of Portugal in 1807 because it refused to join the Continental System, the Portuguese Braganças moved their capital to Rio de Janeiro to avoid the fate of the Spanish Bourbons ( Napoleon I arrested them and made his brother Joseph king ).

After the fall of Napoleon I and the Liberal revolution in Portugal, the Portuguese Royals returned to Europe ( 1820 ).

* 1908 – King Carlos I of Portugal and his son, Prince Luis Filipe are killed in Terreiro do Paco, Lisbon.

Whatever the items remaining were then later stolen in 1834 during an anti-clerical riot and the extinction of religious Orders in Portugal.

Spain and Portugal had brought African slaves to work at African colonies such as Cape Verde and the Azores, and then Latin America, by the 16th century.

Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was quickly colonised by several Western cultures ( initially Spain, then later Portugal, England, the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark ).

Only two countries remained neutral in the war: Sweden and Portugal, and Napoleon then looked toward the latter.

French armies entered Spain in order to attack Portugal, but then seized Spanish fortresses and took over the kingdom by surprise.

By this stage the explorers had passed the southern boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented the Muslim land-based trade routes across the western Sahara Desert, and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal.

The first area colonized by the Lusitani was probably the Douro valley and the region of Beira Alta ( present day Portugal ); in Beira, they stayed until they defeated the Celtici and other tribes, then they expanded to cover a territory that reached Estremadura before the arrival of the Romans.

It was conquered by Portugal in 1521 and then by the Persians in 1602.

He was born around 305, probably near the city of Egitania, Lusitania, in what is the present-day village of Idanha-a-Velha, Portugal, then part of the Western Roman Empire.

By royal command, Lopez returned to Portugal about 1526 and then travelled to Rome, where Pope Clement VII granted him an audience.

In May 1943 he made his way back in the guise of Hugh Anson, an obnoxiously unruly steward, sailing on a merchant ship, the ' The City of Lancaster ', from Liverpool to Lisbon in neutral Portugal where he then jumped ship.

Missions in Maputo ( then Lourenço Marques ) and Lisbon were closed in 1975 following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal.

* July – José I takes over the throne of Portugal from his deceased father, João V. King José Manuel appoints the Marquis of Pombal as his Chief Minister, who then strips the Inquisition of its power.

He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence.

* June 24 – Battle of São Mamede: King Afonso I of Portugal ( then Count of Portugal ) defeats his mother, Teresa of León, and gains control of the county, which thus becomes de facto independent.

* March 8 – Póvoa de Varzim ( then Varazim ), Portugal gains a foral from Denis of Portugal.

His " Anatolian Hypothesis " posited that this group lived 2, 000 years before the Kurgans, in Anatolia, later diffusing to Greece, then Italy, Sicily, Corsica, the Mediterranean coast of France, Spain, and Portugal.

John was then elected king of Portugal.

( Evidently, Manuel must have reckoned that if Castile had an ' Admiral of the Seas ' running around, then surely Portugal should have one too.