Agriculturalism ( 農家 / 农家 ; Nongjia ) was an early agrarian social and political philosophy in ancient China that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.

In ancient China it was customary to burn amber during large festivities.

The peoples of the Tarim Basin in northern China are now known to be Caucasian and there were widespread attempts to keep western archeologists from testing samples such as deliberately replacing the mummies or decapitating them, even defacing ancient cave painting depictions of these people with large amounts of body hair and features such as red colored hair and blue eyes.

Although amaranth was cultivated on a large scale in ancient Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru, nowadays it is only cultivated on a small scale there, along with India, China, Nepal, and other tropical countries ; thus, there is potential for further cultivation in those countries, as well as in the U. S. In a 1977 article in Science, amaranth was described as " the crop of the future.

Aeronautics also finds mention in ancient China where people were flying kites thousands of years ago.

Ancient art was largely, but not entirely, based on the nine great ancient civilizations: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, China, Rome, India, the Celtic peoples, and Maya.

The practice was also well known in ancient China, as in Jing Ke's failed assassination of King Qin Shi Huang ( 227 BC ).

* Go, an ancient strategic board game originating in China

The earliest tin-alloy bronzes date to the late 4th millennium BC in Susa ( Iran ) and some ancient sites in China, Luristan ( Iran ) and Mesopotamia ( Iraq ).

The Indus Valley Civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions.

The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra ( now Patna ) in India, Chang ' an ( now Xi ' an ) in China, Carthage, ancient Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople ( later Istanbul ).

In ancient China, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the Warring States ( 481 – 221 BC ), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou ( Canal of the Wild Geese ), which according to the ancient historian Sima Qian connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei.

The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1700 – 1046 BC ), although ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian ( ca.

The Xia Dynasty of China ( from c. 2100 to c. 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals.

Although the People's Republic of China has been historically hostile to the philosophy of ancient China, the influences of past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture.

Similar lists existed in ancient China and Japan.

The element air also appears as a concept in the Buddhist religion which has an ancient history in China.

The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the tradition of the chariot-riding Chinese aristocracy in battle, which had been in use since the ancient Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 BC-1050 BC ).

According to Needham, though there is no way of answering the question of whether the crossbow first arose among the cultures neighboring ancient China before the rise of Chinese culture in their midst, or whether it spread outwards from China to all the environing peoples, the former seems the more probable hypothesis given linguistic evidence, which posits that the Chinese word for ' crossbow ' came from an Austroasiatic language.

At times under some other dynasties in ancient China, the month with the winter solstice was the 12th or the 1st month.

During World War I, the Armenian Genocide, the Greek genocide ( especially in Pontus ), and the Assyrian Genocide almost entirely removed the ancient communities of Armenian and Assyrian populations in Anatolia, as well as a large part of its ethnic Greek population.

The ancient Greeks used baskets of stones, large sacks filled with sand, and wooden logs filled with lead, which, according to Apollonius Rhodius and Stephen of Byzantium, were formed of stone ; and Athenaeus states that they were sometimes made of wood.

In it he gathered a large library, a collection of ancient furniture, arms and armour, and other relics and curiosities, especially connected with Scottish history, notably the Celtic Torrs Pony-cap and Horns and the Woodwrae Stone, all now in the Museum of Scotland.

In many parts of the world, acropoleis became the nuclei of large cities of classical antiquity, such as ancient Rome, which in more recent times grew up on the surrounding lower ground, such as modern Rome.

In ancient times, an ambush often might involve thousands of soldiers on a large scale, such as over a mountain pass.

An aegis (; ) is either a large collar or cape worn in ancient times to display the protection provided by a high religious authority, or a bag-like garment containing a protective shield signifying the same.

Well into the 19th century, ancient maxims played a large role in common law adjudication.

The music of Wales, Cornwall, the Isle of Man, Brittany, Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias ( Spain ) and Portugal are also considered Celtic music, the tradition being particularly strong in Brittany, where Celtic festivals large and small take place throughout the year, and in Wales, where the ancient eisteddfod tradition has been revived and flourishes.

However, an earlier version of events by the same ancient author downplays Agrippa's role — so it is not known how large a hand he had in things.

Indeed, the ancient Greeks attributed the lack of large mammals such as bears, wolves, jackals, and poisonous snakes, to the labour of Hercules ( who took a live Cretan bull to the Peloponnese ).

Apart from terrestrial mammals, the seas around Crete are rich in large marine mammals, a fact unknown to most Greeks, although reported since ancient times.

The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship.

I have already almost finished emending him by collating a large number of ancient manuscripts, and this I am doing at enormous personal expense.

Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.

Thanks to large number of ancient rock-cut cave temples there have been preserved valuable ancient and early medieval frescoes in more than 20 locations of India.

Arbitrage betting is a combination of the ancient art of arbitrage trading and gambling, which has been made possible by the large numbers of bookmakers in the marketplace, creating occasional opportunities for arbitrage.

The ancient Sinhalese used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in Sri Lanka, also known for invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function.

The influence of Arthur Machen, with his carefully constructed tales concerning the survival of ancient evil into modern times in an otherwise realistic world and his beliefs in hidden mysteries which lay behind reality, looms large.

The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, approximately equal in extent to the ancient Gupta Empire, while the Khilji dynasty was also able to conquer most of central India, but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent.

It may be noted, in confirmation of this view, that the naval supremacy of Aegina is assigned by the ancient writers on chronology to precisely this period, i. e. the years 490-480.

Most ancient naval battles were fought by fast ships using the battering ram to sink opposing fleets or steer close enough for boarding in hand-to-hand combat.

The Norse had a strong sense of naval architecture, and during the early medieval period they were advanced for their time, compared to other European nations ( earlier shipbuilding techniques, for example those of Mediterranean peoples, such as ancient Greece and Rome, were far more sophisticated and varied, especially in terms of joinery ).

In the Mediterranean, naval warfare in the medieval period resembled that of the ancient period: fleets of galleys would exchange missile fire and then come alongside for marines to fight on deck.

In the time of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, naval warfare centered on long, narrow vessels powered by banks of oarsmen ( such as triremes and quinqueremes ) designed to ram and sink enemy vessels or come alongside the enemy vessel so its occupants could be attacked hand-to-hand.

The maritime role of Pisa should have been already prominent if the ancient authorities ascribed to it the invention of the naval ram.

In ancient China, sieges of city walls ( along with naval battles ) were portrayed on bronze ' hu ' vessels, like those found in Chengdu, Sichuan in 1965 which have been dated to the Warring States Period ( 5th century BC to 3rd century BC ).

It is also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, or STROG ( Strait Of Gibraltar ), in naval use and as the " Pillars of Hercules " ( Greek: Ηράκλειες Στήλες ) in the ancient world.

One of the oldest references to the mobile siege tower in ancient China was ironically a written dialogue primarily discussing naval warfare.

: The ancient haven was " repaired " by King Eärnil I, and it became the main naval base during the Ship-kings ' conquests.

On the second Saturday of each May since 1964, the " Sailing Masters of 1812 " of Essex commemorate the " Burning of the Ships " with an ancient fife and drum corps parade down Main Street and ceremony at the steamboat dock, wearing the United States naval uniform of that period ; by tradition, this event is unpublicized.

The site consisted of ancient, emerged coral reef covered by a thin layer of soil, with the Pearl Harbor entrance channel and naval reservation marking its western and northern boundaries, John Rodgers Airport ( HIA today ) to the east, and Fort Kamehameha on the south.

The ruins of a Roman naval base at Velsen are believed to be ancient Flevum, which is listed as Phleoum, Romanized to Phleum, in Ptolemy ( 2. 10 ).

The naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn Period ( 722 BC – 481 BC ) of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty.

In ancient China, the first known naval battles took place during the Warring States ( 481 BC-221 BC ), a period where regional kings battled against one another.

Chinese naval warfare in this ancient period featured grapple-and-hook, as well as ramming tactics with ships called " stomach strikers " and " colliding swoopers ".

A periplus was also an ancient naval manoeuvre in which attacking triremes would outflank or encircle the defenders in order to attack them in the rear.

Due to the number of ships and crews involved ( about 300 rowers and 120 combat troops per ship ), this battle was one of the largest naval battles of the ancient Mediterranean world, and is a candidate for the largest naval battle in history.

Olympias, a modern reconstruction of an ancient trireme naval ship.

Other museum ships include the Hellenic Navy destroyer HS Velos ( D16 ), the old cable ship Thalis o Milisios ( Thales of Miletos ) and Olympias, a modern reconstruction of an ancient trireme naval ship.

As its names testifies, it led to the leading to the Neorion, the main harbour of ancient Byzantium and the oldest naval arsenal of the city.

The Roman naval base at nearby Misenum housed the largest naval fleet in the ancient world.