Boats played a very important part in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia.

Evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered in various Indus Valley sites.

Other more recent findings, dated between 7, 000 and 6, 395 BC, come from Jericho, Catal Hüyük, and the ancient Indus Valley cities of Buhen, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Mehrgarh.

Ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 4500 BC in early Indus Valley cities.

The Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BC with the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization.

Inhabitants of the Indus Valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin.

Fifteen centuries earlier, the Indus Valley Civilization was using grids in such cities as Mohenjo-Daro.

Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization of ancient India

Mohenjo-daro, a World Heritage site that was part of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Among the early Old World cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50, 000 or more.

The Indus Valley Civilization, Ancient India, ( circa 2600 BC ) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC.

The oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel represented a centralised authority.

The main citadel in Indus Valley was almost 12 meters tall.

The dry bed of the Hakra River runs through the area, along which many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization have been found.

As mentioned above, the Indus Valley has always been occupied by the wandering nomadic tribes, who are fond of isolated areas, as such areas allow them to lead life free of foreign intrusion, enabling them to establish their own individual and unique cultures.

The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1700 BCE, in and around western Punjab region located in present-day India and Pakistan.

The Cemetery H culture is part of the Punjab Phase, one of three cultural phases that developed in the Localization Era of the Indus Valley Tradition.

* Indus Valley Tradition

It has been suggested that a seal from bronze age India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization and referred to as Pashupati resembled Cernunnos.

A seal discovered during excavation of the Mohenjodaro archaeological site in the Indus Valley ( 2900BC-1900BC ) has drawn attention as a possible representation of a " yogi " or " proto-Shiva " figure.

Other excavations from ancient tombs in the Indus Valley civilization indicate a South Asian origin.

The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to early peoples, who discovered obtuse triangles in the ancient Indus Valley ( see Harappan Mathematics ), and ancient Babylonia ( see Babylonian mathematics ) from around 3000 BC.

Parallel developments were meanwhile occurring in Egypt, which by the 32nd century BC had been unified to form the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and amongst the peoples of the Indus Valley in north-western India.

Babylonia was conquered by the Kassites, and the civilization of the Indus Valley was on decline probably due to climate.

The Indus Civilization was the earliest center of ceramics, and thus the pottery of Cholistan has a long history.

According to Parpola, ceramic similarities between the Indus Civilization, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Iran during 4300 – 3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period ( Copper Age ) suggest considerable mobility and trade.

Early inhabitants, around 3000 BC were likely to have been connected through culture and trade to neighboring civilizations like Jiroft and Tappeh Sialk and more distantly to the Indus Valley Civilization.

Urban civilization may have begun as early as 3000 BC, and it is possible that the early city of Mundigak ( near Kandahar ) was a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization.

The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was the first major civilization in South Asia.

The Indus Valley Civilization ( IVC ) was a Bronze Age civilization ( 3300 – 1300 BCE ; mature period 2600 – 1900 BCE ) which was centred mostly in the western part of the Indian Subcontinent, considered as early form of Hinduism performed during this civilization.

# REDIRECT Indus Valley Civilization

The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Sindh and the Punjab.

The Indus Valley Civilization ( also known as Harappan culture ) has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BCE.

Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization

The chert weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilization, on the other hand, were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations.

The ascription of Indus Valley Civilization iconography and epigraphy to historically known cultures is extremely problematic, in part due to the rather tenuous archaeological evidence of such claims, as well as the projection of modern South Asian political concerns onto the archaeological record of the area.

# redirect Indus Valley Civilization

* Dholavira-Located in Gujarat, India Indus Valley Civilization city.

First activities were linked to irrigation and flood control, as demonstrated by traces of dykes, dams, and canals dating back to at least 2000 BCE that were found in ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent, as well as around the early settlements of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus valley.

* Dholavira is another ancient town belonging to Indus Valley Civilisation, established in India.

The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia ( beginning with Sumer ), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent ( beginning with the Indus Valley civilization ), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean.

The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley ; ' Morontobara ' ( probably Manora island near Karachi harbour ), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail ; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom.

Turkmenistan was a passing point for numerous migrations and invasions by tribes which gravitated towards the settled regions of the south including ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the Indus Valley Civilization.

The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today.

Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft ( carnelian products, seal carving ) and metallurgy ( copper, bronze, lead, and tin ).

Outposts of the Indus Valley civilization were excavated as far west as Sutkagan Dor in Baluchistan, as far north as at Shortugai on the Amu Darya ( the river's ancient name was Oxus ) in current Afghanistan, as far east as at Alamgirpur, Uttar Pradesh, India and as far south as at Malwan, Surat Dist., India.

To the west of it the steep gorges of Dalaman Çayi (" the Dalaman River "), the ancient Indus, formed the traditional border between Caria and Lycia.

Periodic flooding was essential to the well-being of ancient communities along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, the Nile River, the Indus River, the Ganges and the Yellow River, among others.

According to an article in Nature by Philip Ball, while there are various evidences for silk production in China back to around 2570 BC, newly discovered silk objects from the Indus valley in eastern Pakistan are believed to date from between 2450 BC and 2000 BC, " making them similarly ancient ".

This environment may be compared to that of other ancient centers of civilization: the Nile, Indus, and Yellow River valleys, and Mesopotamia.

Built around 2600 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, existing at the same time as the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Crete.

It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture.