Agriculturalism ( 農家 / 农家 ; Nongjia ) was an early agrarian social and political philosophy in ancient China that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.

In ancient China it was customary to burn amber during large festivities.

The peoples of the Tarim Basin in northern China are now known to be Caucasian and there were widespread attempts to keep western archeologists from testing samples such as deliberately replacing the mummies or decapitating them, even defacing ancient cave painting depictions of these people with large amounts of body hair and features such as red colored hair and blue eyes.

Although amaranth was cultivated on a large scale in ancient Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru, nowadays it is only cultivated on a small scale there, along with India, China, Nepal, and other tropical countries ; thus, there is potential for further cultivation in those countries, as well as in the U. S. In a 1977 article in Science, amaranth was described as " the crop of the future.

Aeronautics also finds mention in ancient China where people were flying kites thousands of years ago.

Ancient art was largely, but not entirely, based on the nine great ancient civilizations: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Greece, China, Rome, India, the Celtic peoples, and Maya.

The practice was also well known in ancient China, as in Jing Ke's failed assassination of King Qin Shi Huang ( 227 BC ).

* Go, an ancient strategic board game originating in China

The earliest tin-alloy bronzes date to the late 4th millennium BC in Susa ( Iran ) and some ancient sites in China, Luristan ( Iran ) and Mesopotamia ( Iraq ).

The Indus Valley Civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions.

The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra ( now Patna ) in India, Chang ' an ( now Xi ' an ) in China, Carthage, ancient Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople ( later Istanbul ).

In ancient China, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the Warring States ( 481 – 221 BC ), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou ( Canal of the Wild Geese ), which according to the ancient historian Sima Qian connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei.

The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1700 – 1046 BC ), although ancient historical texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian ( ca.

The Xia Dynasty of China ( from c. 2100 to c. 1600 BC ) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals.

Although the People's Republic of China has been historically hostile to the philosophy of ancient China, the influences of past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture.

Similar lists existed in ancient China and Japan.

The element air also appears as a concept in the Buddhist religion which has an ancient history in China.

The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the tradition of the chariot-riding Chinese aristocracy in battle, which had been in use since the ancient Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 BC-1050 BC ).

According to Needham, though there is no way of answering the question of whether the crossbow first arose among the cultures neighboring ancient China before the rise of Chinese culture in their midst, or whether it spread outwards from China to all the environing peoples, the former seems the more probable hypothesis given linguistic evidence, which posits that the Chinese word for ' crossbow ' came from an Austroasiatic language.

At times under some other dynasties in ancient China, the month with the winter solstice was the 12th or the 1st month.

In 1453 when the last vestige of ancient Roman power fell to the Turks, the city officially shifted religions -- although the Patriarch, or Pope, of the Orthodox Church continued to live there, and still does -- and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

In ancient times, there were various explanations for the name Aegean.

In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language ( from this comes the denomination Old Text ) that were so much more reliable.

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe.

The Sadducees were an ancient Jewish sect that generally believed that there was a God but no afterlife.

However, there were more ancient measures that were also farthingales.

Also, there was an ancient statue, representing the god in chains, to indicate that the martial spirit and victory were never to leave the city of Sparta.

However, there have been many wild claims of ancient mid eastern ancestry ( including Assyrian ) throughout Europe, Africa and even the Americas, none of which have been supported by mainstream opinion or strong evidence, let alone proof.

However, there is controversy about whether they were genuinely recorded at the time or merely ascribed to ancient rulers by posterity.

Similar objections are voiced by Harvey who comments that there is a " strong and ancient tradition " that the presence of an ordained man is necessary for the celebration of the Eucharist.

Ancient Nubia shared many aspects of its mythology with ancient Egypt and there is debate about the original source of some religious concepts that the two cultures share and, whether the assimilation was from Nubia to Egypt, the reverse, or through continuing exchanges.

The meanings of the sky vary from culture to culture ; nevertheless there are scientific methods which can be applied across cultures when examining ancient beliefs.

In 2000, an excavation focusing on ancient ruins on Nelson's Island under Italian archaeologist Paolo Gallo uncovered a number of graves that date from the battle, as well as others buried there during the 1801 invasion.

In ancient Greece, beginning in the early 1st millennium AD, there emerged independent city-states that evolved for the first time the notion of citizenship, becoming in the process the archetype of the free city, the polis.

In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language ( from this comes the denomination Old Text ) that were so much more reliable.

#" In parallel passages, whether of the New or Old Testament, especially in the Synoptic Gospels, which ancient copyists continually brought into increased accordance, those testimonies are preferable, in which precise accordance of such parallel passages is not found ; unless, indeed, there are important reasons to the contrary.

Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world, but remained rare there.

What is clear is that formally, there is mostly peaceful living side by side, with strong inter-dialogue at many levels to reconcile past differences between the two groups, and many Christians emphasize common historical heritage and religious continuity with the ancient spiritual lineage of the Jews.

While there is no universally accepted definition of " democracy ," equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times.

The opening sentence of the book created a classic Spanish cliché with the phrase (" whose name I do not wish to recall "): (" In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do not wish to recall, there lived, not very long ago, one of those gentlemen with a lance in the lance-rack, an ancient shield, a skinny old horse, and a fast greyhound.