Other terms were coined by the Japanese by giving new senses to existing Chinese terms or by referring to expressions used in classical Chinese literature.

Notably, Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of rights, let alone human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them.

Martin had to invent the word quanli to translate the Western concept of " rights " in the process of translating Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.

Yin, Yang, and the five elements are associated with themes in the I Ching, the oldest of Chinese classical texts which describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy.

These came from Buddhist beliefs ; the classical Chinese elements (, go gyô ) are also prominent in Japanese culture, especially to the influential Neo-Confucianists during the Edo period.

Air is not one of the traditional five Chinese classical elements.

Some Western modern occultists equate the Chinese classical element of metal with air, others with wood due to the elemental association of wind and wood in the ba gua.

All of these pre-Qin texts were written in classical Chinese.

More broadly speaking, Chinese classic texts may refer to texts, be they written in vernacular Chinese or in classical Chinese, that existed before 1912, when the last imperial Chinese dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, fell.

* Chinese Text Project ( English Chinese ) ( Chinese philosophy texts in classical Chinese with English and modern Chinese translations )

In a similar manner, in imperial China, writers of classical Chinese texts were expected to avoid using characters contained within the name of the currently ruling emperor as a sign of respect.

Xiongnu is the modern Mandarin Chinese pronunciation, while it is pronounced as " Hung-no " in modern Cantonese Chinese and the word is reconstructed to be pronounced as " Hunnu " in classical Chinese.

Medieval Song Dynasty painters such as Lin Tinggui and his Luohan Laundering ( housed in the Smithsonian Freer Gallery of Art ) of the 12th century are excellent examples of Buddhist ideas fused into classical Chinese artwork.

The classical Zodiac is a product of a revision of the Old Babylonian system in later Neo-Babylonian astronomy 6th century BC.

The 900-page book, titled Elementorum physicae mathematicae, written in Latin by Jesuit Father Andrea Caraffa, a professor at the Collegio Romano, covered subjects like mathematics, classical mechanics, astronomy, optics, and acoustics.

Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.

The New Age movement includes elements of older spiritual and religious traditions ranging from atheism and monotheism through classical pantheism, naturalistic pantheism, pandeism, panentheism, and polytheism combined with science and Gaia philosophy ; particularly archaeoastronomy, astronomy, ecology, environmentalism, the Gaia hypothesis, psychology and physics.

The five classical planets, being visible to the naked eye, have been known since ancient times, and have had a significant impact on mythology, religious cosmology, and ancient astronomy.

The undergraduate physics curriculum generally includes the following range of courses: chemistry, classical physics, kinematics, astronomy and astrophysics, physics laboratory, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, optics, modern physics, quantum physics, nuclear physics, particle physics, and solid state physics.

* The birth of Aryabhata is traditionally regarded as the beginning of the classical period of Indian mathematics and astronomy.

Babylonian astronomy was the basis for much of what was done in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy, in classical Indian astronomy, in Sassanian, Byzantine and Syrian astronomy, in medieval Islamic astronomy, and in Central Asian and Western European astronomy.

Naur published a large number of articles and chapters on astronomy, computer science, issues in society, classical music, psychology, and education.

During the late 8th and 9th centuries Harran was a centre for translating works of astronomy, philosophy, natural sciences, and medicine from Greek to Syriac by Assyrians, and thence to Arabic, bringing the knowledge of the classical world to the emerging Arabic-speaking civilization in the south.

Schiaparelli was a scholar of the history of classical astronomy.

In Mistra he taught and wrote philosophy, astronomy, history and geography, and compiled digests of many classical writers.

In 499 AD Aryabhata, a prominent mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy, gave this method in the Aryabhatiya ( section 2. 18 ).

) In 499 AD Aryabhata, a great mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy, used this method in the Aryabhatiya ( section 2. 8 ).

In 1862, he began to attend lectures in mathematics, physics and astronomy at the University in his city of birth, although he was not qualified to be enrolled as a regular student in part because of his lack of education in classical languages.

Aryabhata ( IAST:, ) or Aryabhata I ( 476 – 550 CE ) was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.

Early Indian astronomy is transmitted in Siddhantas: Varahamihira ( 6th century ) in his Pancha-Siddhantika contrasts five fo these: The Surya Siddhanta besides the Paitamaha Siddhantas ( which is more similar to the " classical " Vedanga Jyotisha ), the Paulisha and Romaka Siddhantas ( directly based on Hellenistic astronomy ) and the Vasishta Siddhanta.

In classical times, the northern slopes of the Caucasus mountains were inhabited by the Circassians on the west and the Avars on the east.

The northern continent of Genertela has a feudal society of roughly medieval type to the west, an autocratic Oriental society to the east and a classical style Bronze Age culture in the center.

During the later years of the Roman Empire, the Germanic peoples of northern Europe grew in strength to rival the Empire itself, and repeated organized attacks led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period, and the start of the middle ages.

The two main traditions of classical music are Carnatic music, found predominantly in the peninsular regions, and Hindustani music, found in the northern and central regions.

From their original homelands in Scandinavia and far northern Europe Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity, and southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples and forming in 800 the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire.

During the centuries preceding the classical period, Mayan kingdoms sprang up in an area stretching from the Pacific coasts of southern Mexico and Guatemala to the northern Yucatán Peninsula.

The classical college education she desired for her daughter was one that was on par with men's colleges, and this type of education was available only at northern schools.

In this work, Humboldt endeavored to show by examining geographical placenames, that at one time a race or races speaking dialects allied to modern Basque extended throughout Spain, southern France and the Balearic Islands ; he identified these people with the Iberians of classical writers, and further surmised that they had been allied with the Berbers of northern Africa.

In Albania, where the concept of Epirus is never used in an official context, the counties of Gjirokastër, Vlorë, and Berat extend well beyond the northern and northeastern boundaries of classical Epirus.

Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with ( and later conquered ) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period.

The site of classical Pylos was probably on the rocky promontory now known as Koryphasion at the northern edge of the bay of Pylos.

Written Coptic has five major dialects which differ mainly in graphic conventions, most notably the southern Saidic dialect which was the main classical dialect and the northern Bohairic dialect which is currently used in Coptic Church services.

In English 17th-century usage, " Goth " was an equivalent of " vandal ", a savage despoiler with a Germanic heritage, and so came to be applied to the architectural styles of northern Europe from before the revival of classical types of architecture.

The English word cherry, French cerise and Spanish cereza all come from the classical Greek ( κέρασος ) through the Latin cerasum, thus the ancient Roman place name Cerasus, today a city in northern Turkey Giresun from which the cherry was first exported to Europe.

They settled mostly in inland mountain valleys between Pannonia and the coastal Adriatic basin, but in disputation with southern Liburni they periodically reached also the northern Adriatic coast at Vinodol valley ( classical Valdevinum ).

McKay described Confederation as part of the classical liberal project of creating a “ liberal order ” in northern North America.

The classical music of India includes two major traditions: the southern Carnatic music and the northern Hindustani classical music.

Johnson claimed to have started " slapping " the strings of his bass ( a more vigorous technique than the classical pizzicato ) after he accidentally broke his bow on the road with his band in northern Louisiana in the early 1910s.

In the end Nash only built two churches for the Commission, the classical All Souls Church, Langham Place ( 1822 – 24 ) terminating the northern end of Regent Street, and the gothic St. Mary's Haggerston ( 1825 – 27 ), bombed during The Blitz in 1941.

At a time when Palladian classical architecture and design were being adopted in northern Europe, Hibernia was a useful word to describe Ireland with overtones of classical style and civility, particularly by the prosperous Irish Ascendency who were taught Latin at school.

On the other hand, by " north " the classical authors usually meant " outermost ", as the northern lands were outermost to them.